Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 98-109 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 104 Figure 2 Expression patterns of catalpol biosynthetic unigenes between radial striations and non-radial striations of R. glutinosa (Adopted from Zhi et al., 2018) Image caption: (A) Biosynthetic pathway of catalpol. (B) Heat map representing expression dynamics of unigenes involved in biosynthesis. The expression values (FPKM) for unigenes were log10 transformed and scaled across each row, and the heatmap was generated by MultiExperiment Viewer (MeV). (C) Relative expression of candidate genes in involved in catalpol biosynthesis. These genes expression levels were all determined by Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation of three biological replicates. Asterisks (*) indicate a significant difference at the p<0.05 level. Abbreviations: DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase; GPPS, geranyl diphosphate synthase; IPI, isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase; GES, geraniol synthase; G10H, Geraniol 10-hydroxylase; CPR, NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase; 10HGO, 10-hydroxygeraniol dehydrogenase; IRS, iridoid synthase; CPM, Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase; ALD, aldehyde dehydrogenase; UGT, Uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase; F3D, flavanone 3-dioxygenase; UPD, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase; UGD, UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase; SQM, squalene monooxygenase (Adopted from Zhi et al., 2018) 7 Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potential 7.1 Current clinical use 7.1.1 Traditional formulations Rehmannia glutinosa has been a cornerstone in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries. It is often used in various formulations to treat a range of ailments, particularly those related to blood sugar regulation and immune function. Traditional formulations typically involve the use of dried or processed roots, which are believed to possess potent medicinal properties. For instance, the hypoglycemic effects of R. glutinosa have been well-documented, with studies showing its ability to lower blood glucose levels and improve lipid metabolism in diabetic models (Qin et al., 2018; Li et al., 2023). Additionally, its antioxidant properties have been highlighted, suggesting its potential in combating oxidative stress-related conditions (Liu et al., 2020).
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