Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 98-109 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 102 modernization of medicinal plant processing (Li et al., 2023). Another innovative method is Internal Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (iEESI-MS), which, when combined with statistical techniques, allows for high-throughput molecular differentiation of Rehmannia glutinosa samples from different origins, providing a rapid and efficient means of quality assessment (Xu et al., 2023). These analytical techniques collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the bioactive components in Rehmannia glutinosa, facilitating their identification, quantification, and functional analysis. This integrated approach is essential for advancing the therapeutic applications and ensuring the quality and efficacy of this traditional medicinal herb. 5 Pharmacological Activities of Bioactive Components 5.1 Iridoid glycosides 5.1.1 Anti-inflammatory effects Iridoid glycosides, such as catalpol, are prominent bioactive components in Rehmannia glutinosa. These compounds have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory properties. For instance, catalpol has been shown to inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) and suppress the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which are key mediators of inflammation (Rahmat et al., 2022). Additionally, catalpol's ability to modulate inflammatory pathways suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases. 5.1.2 Neuroprotective effects Catalpol also exhibits neuroprotective effects, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that catalpol can protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis, which are critical factors in the progression of neurodegenerative conditions (Ge et al., 2023). The neuroprotective mechanisms of catalpol involve the upregulation of neurotrophic factors and the inhibition of pro-apoptotic pathways, thereby promoting neuronal survival and function. 5.2 Phenethyl alcohol glycosides 5.2.1 Antioxidant properties Phenethyl alcohol glycosides, such as acteoside, are known for their potent antioxidant properties. Acteoside has been found to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is beneficial in preventing cellular damage and aging (Liu et al., 2020). The antioxidant activity of acteoside is attributed to its ability to donate hydrogen atoms and stabilize free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. 5.2.2 Hepatoprotective effects Acteoside also exhibits hepatoprotective effects, which are crucial for liver health. Research has shown that acteoside can protect liver cells from damage induced by toxins and oxidative stress (Li et al., 2022). The hepatoprotective mechanisms of acteoside include the enhancement of antioxidant defenses and the inhibition of inflammatory responses in the liver, which help to maintain liver function and prevent liver diseases. 5.3 Polysaccharides 5.3.1 Immunomodulatory effects Polysaccharides fromRehmannia glutinosa have been shown to possess significant immunomodulatory effects. These polysaccharides can enhance the immune response by stimulating the proliferation and activation of immune cells, such as macrophages and lymphocytes (Chen et al., 2022). The immunomodulatory properties of these polysaccharides make them valuable for boosting the immune system and improving resistance to infections and diseases. 5.3.2 Antitumor activities In addition to their immunomodulatory effects, polysaccharides fromRehmannia glutinosa also exhibit antitumor activities. Studies have demonstrated that these polysaccharides can inhibit the growth of tumor cells and induce apoptosis, thereby reducing tumor progression (Chen et al., 2022). The antitumor mechanisms involve the activation of immune responses against tumor cells and the direct induction of tumor cell death.
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