Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 56-68 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 59 other Rehmannia species, as evidenced by the clustering of chloroplast genomes (Jeon et al., 2019). Moreover, DNA barcoding techniques have been employed to distinguish between different Rehmannia species and cultivars, providing a robust framework for species identification and classification (Duan et al., 2019). Figure 1 Effects of RR on bone mineral density and histological morphometric alteration of the femurs in diabetic rats (Adopted from Gong et al., 2019) Image caption: A: Representative 3D micro-CT images of the distal femoral trabecular bone in diabetic rats. The results show that compared to the normal control group, the bone mass in diabetic rats is significantly reduced and the bone microarchitecture is deteriorated. After 8 weeks of treatment with Rehmannia glutinosa extract (RR), the bone structure deterioration was effectively prevented; B: Changes in bone mineral density (BMD), indicating that RR treatment significantly increased the BMD of diabetic rats, with a significant difference compared to the model group (p < 0.01). C: Changes in bone mineral content (BMC). The BMC in the RR treatment group was significantly higher than that in the model group (p < 0.01), indicating that RR could increase bone mineral content; D: Changes in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th). RR treatment significantly increased trabecular thickness (p < 0.01), showing a significant difference compared to the model group; E: Changes in 3D-calibrated trabecular thickness (calib.Tb.Th.3D). After RR treatment, trabecular thickness was significantly increased (p < 0.01), indicating the positive regulatory effect of RR on trabecular thickness; F: Changes in trabecular number (Tb.N). The trabecular number in the RR treatment group was significantly higher than that in the model group (p < 0.01), indicating that RR could increase the number of trabeculae; G: Changes in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). RR treatment significantly reduced trabecular separation (p < 0.01), indicating that RR helps to decrease the distance between trabeculae; H: Changes in the structure model index (SMI). After RR treatment, SMI was significantly reduced (p < 0.01), indicating a more stable bone structure; I: Changes in connectivity density. The connectivity density in the RR treatment group was significantly higher than that in the model group (p < 0.01), indicating that RR could improve the connectivity of the bone structure. The results in the figure demonstrate that Rehmannia glutinosa extract can significantly improve the bone density and bone microarchitecture in diabetic rats, validating its potential mechanism in preventing and treating diabetic osteoporosis through the regulation of the IGF-1/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway(Adapted from Gong et al., 2019)
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