Bioscience Evidence 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 56-68 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/be 57 potential of rehmannia has spurred extensive research into its genetic makeup and the biosynthetic pathways of its active ingredients (Zhi et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022). This study aims to delve deeply into the genetic landscape of Rehmannia glutinosa, providing a comprehensive analysis of its genome and elucidating the genetic basis of its medicinal properties. By integrating genomic data with traditional knowledge, this research seeks to decode the genetic secrets of Rehmannia glutinos, identify the key genes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of its therapeutic compounds, and explore the evolutionary dynamics that shape its genome structure and contribute to its medicinal efficacy. Additionally, this study assesses the potential of genomic insights in the cultivation, conservation, and clinical application of Rehmannia glutinos. Through this systematic investigation, we hope to bridge the gap between traditional herbal wisdom and modern genomic science, fostering a deeper understanding of the genetic and medicinal potential of Rehmannia glutinos, and highlighting its promise in future research and therapeutic applications. 2 Botanical Characteristics of Rehmannia glutinosa 2.1 Morphology and taxonomy Rehmannia glutinosa, a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, is widely recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) (Li et al., 2018; Zhi et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2020). The plant typically grows to a height of 30-60 cm, with basal leaves that are ovate to oblong and crenate along the margins. These leaves are covered with fine hairs, giving them a somewhat velvety texture (Kim et al., 2020). The inflorescence consists of tubular flowers that are pale yellow to purplish in color, appearing in late spring to early summer. Each flower is bilaterally symmetrical with five lobes, contributing to its characteristic appearance. Rehmannia glutinosa is characterized by its tuberous roots, which are the primary source of its medicinal compounds, including catalpol and acteoside (Zhi et al., 2018). Taxonomically, R. glutinosa is classified within the order Lamiales. It is closely related to other genera within the Scrophulariaceae family but stands out due to its unique phytochemical profile and medicinal significance. The morphology of R. glutinosa includes broad leaves and a robust aerial part, with variations observed between different cultivars (Kim et al., 2020). The taxonomic classification of R. glutinosa has been refined through various genetic and morphological analyses, including the use of expressed sequence tags (EST) derived microsatellite markers and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micromorphology (Li et al., 2018). These studies have led to the identification of new cultivars and a better understanding of the genetic diversity within the species (Li et al., 2018). 2.2 Geographic distribution and habitat Rehmannia glutinosa is predominantly found in East Asia, with its native range extending across various provinces in China, including Henan, Shandong, Hebei, and Shanxi, where it has been grown for centuries due to its significant medicinal value (Li et al., 2018a; Zhang et al., 2021). The plant thrives in well-drained, fertile soils and is typically propagated through rootstock rather than seeds, which poses challenges such as root rot and reduced productivity (Kim et al., 2020). The geographic distribution of R. glutinosa extends beyond China to Korea, Japan, and northern Vietnam, where it is also valued for its medicinal properties (Qin et al., 2022). The plant's habitat is characterized by temperate climates with adequate rainfall, which supports its growth and the accumulation of its bioactive compounds (Zhang et al., 2021; Qin et al., 2022). The widespread cultivation and the traditional use of R. glutinosa in these regions underscore its importance in herbal medicine and its potential for further agricultural and pharmacological research. 3 Historical and Traditional Uses 3.1 Traditional medicinal applications Rehmannia glutinosa, a perennial herb belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family, has been a cornerstone in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries. Its roots, known as Rehmanniae Radix (RR), are utilized in various forms, including dried and steamed preparations, to treat a multitude of ailments. Historically, RR has been employed to address conditions such as anemia, hemoptysis, and gynecological disorders (Qin et al., 2022).
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