International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 313-319 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 137 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives The microbial system in the ocean is very complex. After all, they are not just some invisible little creatures. From bacteria to archaea and then to planktonic-eukaryotes, they drive the cycle of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur - for instance, key steps such as carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification basically all rely on their participation. The role these microorganisms play in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen, and maintaining the Marine food chain is actually much greater than people imagine (fixing carbon, catalyzing the sulfur cycle, supporting nutrient regeneration, etc.). However, to be fair, although technological progress has brought about many new tools, our understanding of most areas of the ocean remains limited, especially the deep sea and the polar regions. The functions of many microorganisms are still unclear at present, especially those groups that cannot be cultivated. Many questions remain unanswered to this day, such as what their genes are used for, how they react to environmental changes, or what role they play in global-scale ecological models. This requires more solid long-term observation, more sensitive singlecell technology, and it would be best to consider both "who it is" and "what it is doing" in combination. As climate change intensifies, trends such as ocean warming, acidification and hypoxia are quietly reshaping the landscape of the microbial world. Some groups, such as nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, might live better as a result; But others, such as calcifying organisms or nitrifying bacteria, may not be so fortunate. The adaptability of microbial communities is of great significance as it is related to whether the entire ecosystem can maintain stability. However, if climate pressure continues to intensify, the biogeochemical cycle is likely to be disrupted, and the service functions of the ocean will be affected as a result. So the future direction, I'm afraid, cannot rely solely on traditional means. More genomic support is needed, mesoscale ecological experiments are relied upon, and closer international cooperation for monitoring is required. These not only help us clearly understand the changes in the microbial community, but also enable us to design more scientific response strategies. It is even possible that by mobilizing certain functions of microorganisms, they can be used for carbon sequestration or the restoration of Marine ecology. Acknowledgments Thank you to Dr. Zhang for his technical support in data analysis and visualization, and also thank the members of the research team for their discussions and suggestions during the paper writing. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alamoudi R., Barozzi A., Michoud G., Van Goethem M., Odobel C., Chen Y., Marasco R., and Daffonchio D., 2025, Metabolic redundancy and specialisation of novel sulfide-oxidizing Sulfurimonas and Sulfurovum along the brine-seawater interface of the Kebrit Deep, Environmental Microbiome, 20: 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-025-00669-7 Beer S., and Beardall J., 2025, Inorganic carbon acquisition and photosynthetic metabolism in marine photoautotrophs: a summary, Plants, 14(6): 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060904 Bourgade B., and Stensjö K., 2022, Synthetic biology in marine cyanobacteria: advances and challenges, Frontiers in Microbiology, 13: 994365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.994365 Chen Z., Xun L., Xia Y., and Gong X., 2025, Overlooked role of heterotrophic prokaryotes in sulfur oxidation makes the sediment of the Bohai Sea a sufficient sink of hydrogen sulfide, mBio, 16: e01722-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01722-25 Deter H., and Lu T., 2022, Engineering microbial consortia with rationally designed cellular interactions, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 76: 102730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102730 Dong J., Wang F., and Chen Q., 2024, Editorial: the cycling of biogenic elements and their microbial transformations in marine ecosystems, Frontiers in Marine Science, 11: 1514108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1514108 Fernández C., Farías L., and Ulloa O., 2011, Nitrogen fixation in denitrified marine waters, PLoS ONE, 6(6): e20539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020539
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