International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 303-312 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 307 4.3 The role of health big data platforms in risk warning Nowadays, aquaculture management is gradually moving towards digitalization. Many places have begun to build health big data platforms, concentrating data such as environmental monitoring, meteorological information, aquaculture records and historical diseases (Zeng et al., 2020). These data may seem disorganized to humans, but once handed over to machine learning models for processing, they can uncover the patterns of certain diseases that are prone to occur. For instance, when there is continuous high temperature combined with high density, the system may give a prompt indicating an increased risk of vibriosis and notify farmers in advance to pay attention to prevention and control. Or when the national monitoring network detects the spread trend of a certain new pathogen, the platform can also share the information immediately (Qian et al., 2024). In addition to early warnings, some platforms can also offer more specific suggestions, such as the timing of stocking seedlings, feeding strategies, or appropriately reducing the density during high-incidence seasons. With such big data support, managers no longer merely identify problems and then take remedial measures, but can make early plans and enhance the speed and stability of the entire industry in responding to epidemics. 5 Case Study: Development of a Sustainable Health Management Model for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) 5.1 Challenges of early mortality syndrome (EMS) under high-density farming The white shrimp of South America, as the shrimp species with the highest global farmed production, is prone to severe diseases under high-density farming models, among which the most representative one is Early Death Syndrome (EMS, also known as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease AHPND). This disease usually breaks out suddenly within 30 days after stocking, which can cause a large number of shrimp ponds to die, with a mortality rate as high as 100%. The pathogen of EMS is Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying a specific virulence plasmid. When environmental conditions deteriorate or the immunity of shrimp is weakened, this bacterium multiplies in large quantities and produces toxins, causing acute death of shrimp (Fatima, 2025). High-density aquaculture environments provide a breeding ground for the prevalence of EMS: problems such as the accumulation of organic matter, fluctuations in dissolved oxygen, and elevated ammonia nitrogen in ponds are prominent. Shrimp individuals are in frequent contact, and the spread of bacteria is rapid (Wang, 2025). Furthermore, blindly increasing the stocking density in pursuit of yield will further weaken the immunity of shrimp (Ashour et al., 2024), significantly increasing the risk of EMS outbreak. The traditional response relying on antibiotics has little effect and is prone to induce drug resistance. There is an urgent need for an integrated health management model to prevent and control EMS. 5.2 Water quality regulation, microbial preparations, and immune enhancement strategies When discussing EMS prevention and control, people often first think of the pathogen itself. However, in livestock farms, the actual matters to be dealt with are usually more trivial, and water quality, bacterial flora, and immunity all need to be taken into account simultaneously. In terms of water quality, it is not about pursuing overly complex technologies, but rather ensuring that the shrimp live in as stable and clean an environment as possible. Daily replacement of some pool water, treatment of tail water with sedimentation tanks or biological filters, along with continuous monitoring of dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia nitrogen and other indicators, all fall under routine operations. Once the water quality begins to show some signs of deterioration, measures such as oxygenation and the addition of microbial agents should be taken as soon as possible to avoid leaving opportunities for the reproduction of pathogens. The concept of "treating water with bacteria" has been adopted by many farms. During the breeding process, probiotics such as bacillus, lactic acid bacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria are continuously introduced (Bussabong et al., 2021). They can not only seize the living space of pathogenic bacteria, but also decompose leftover feed and shrimp manure, preventing the deterioration of the bottom environment of the pond. As for the immunity of prawns themselves, some methods are also commonly used. For example, adding yeast glucan, extracts of Chinese herbal medicines, and antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E to the feed (Figure 2) can enhance the non-specific immune response and enable prawns to resist pathogens more effectively (Rairat et al., 2024; Fatima, 2025). Long-term feeding of high-quality feed with functional additives is also beneficial to the health of the hepatopancreas. Some farmers also attempt to expose shrimp to attenuated pathogens by soaking or
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