International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 220-232 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 225 density such as Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Kandelia obovata can be introduced to form a multi-layered forest structure. Through this species configuration with complementary advantages, the recovery area can quickly develop into a structurally stable mangrove community. Plantations with single tree species often have growth bottlenecks, are susceptible to pests or extreme weather, and their carbon sink function is unstable. Because mixed-planted mangroves contain plants of different functional types, the ecological niche is more comprehensive, and the overall productivity and stress resistance are higher. Some studies have pointed out that the carbon reserves of mixed mangrove forests in multi-tree species are significantly higher than those in pure forests (Wang et al., 2021). 4.3 Case analysis: results of the mangrove restoration project in the mekong delta of vietnam The mangrove restoration project in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam is one of the successful examples of large-scale mangrove ecological restoration in Southeast Asia in recent years. The coastal areas of the Mekong Delta experienced severe mangrove destruction in the late last century, and a large number of forests were consumed by herbicide destruction during the Vietnam War and subsequent expansion of the shrimp farming industry, and the coastal protection and carbon sink function declined sharply. To reverse this situation, the Vietnamese government has worked with international organizations and local communities to implement a large-scale mangrove restoration project between 2015 and 2020 (Tinh et al., 2022). In this project, the managers comprehensively adopted engineering and biological measures: on the one hand, they built permeable embankments and sediment promotion devices to guide sediment on the coast to provide a matrix for mangrove reconstruction; on the other hand, they artificially planted mangrove seedlings on a large area, and at the same time, they rely on natural germination of adjacent stands for natural recovery in some areas (Figure 2). Figure 2 Mangroves are successfully restored to the sea and attributed to high sediment deposition and land creation that occurs along these shorelines (Adopted from Tinh et al., 2022) According to statistics, a total of about 27 000 hectares of newly planted and naturally restored mangroves in the Mekong Delta region within five years, offsetting the losses of about 16 000 hectares caused by aquaculture and coastal erosion during the same period, and achieving a net increase of about 11 000 hectares of mangrove area. This has increased the mangrove coverage in the area by about 14%, reconnecting many broken forest patches. More importantly, the recovery project significantly improves the ecosystem's carbon sink capacity. Monitoring results show that newly recovered mangroves have grown well in just a few years, with average tree height and breast diameter increasing year by year, and the carbon reserves in forest land have steadily increased. The soil
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