International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 209-219 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 215 Figure 2 Microscopic characterization of ‘Candidatus Tectiglobus diatomicola’-Haslea symbioses (Adopted from Tschitschko et al., 2024) 6.3 Examples of ecosystem disintegration caused by algae blooms and virus outbreaks Flora is an ecological phenomenon caused by excessive algae reproduction, and its growth and decline are often strongly affected by viruses. When environmental conditions change or algae phage viruses appear in large quantities, algae bloom populations may collapse and subside in a short period of time. For example, there have been many large-scale outbreaks of Aureococcus anophagefferens on the east coast of the United States. Research has found that a specific algae phage virus infected a large number of brown algae cells during the peak of the bloom, causing its population to collapse rapidly within a few days (Frada and Vardi, 2015). It can be seen that the sudden outbreak of the virus can end algae through the top-level killing mechanism and have a severe impact on the local ecosystem. In freshwater environments, parasites of fungi and predation by protozoa also significantly influence algae population dynamics. For example, the aquatic fungus gypsum chytrium can parasitize inside diatom cells and cause its death, while zooplankton, such as ciliates, inhibits its excessive growth by preying on dominant algae species (Rasconi et al., 2014). Together, these biological actions determine the duration and termination of algae blooms, and affect the flow and transformation of matter and energy in the water. 7 The Ecological Significance of Interaction 7.1 Mechanisms of the formation, maintenance and decay of water blooms The interaction between microalgae and microorganisms plays an important role in the occurrence and succession of algae blooms. The formation of water blooms is often inseparable from the help of microorganisms: heterotrophic bacteria decompose base sludge and organic matter to release nitrogen and phosphorus,
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