International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 167-178 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 171 potential implications for improving heat resistance (Valdez and Ángel, 2018). There are also a large number of transcriptome studies on immune and disease-resistant traits. Yang et al. (2019) analyzed the hematocrit of Nine-hole abalone under hypoxia stress and pathogen stimulation, and found that hypoxia will inhibit the expression of immune-related genes, causing abalone to develop an immunosuppressive state, specifically manifested as the downregulation of signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT and NF-κB. Further RNAi interference of the AKTgene confirmed that downregulation of this gene will lead to reduced immune function. Figure 1 Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the tropical abalone (Haliotis asinina) (Adopted from Barkan et al., 2024) 4.3 Proteome and metabolomic data assisted genetic analysis By analyzing gene expression profiles, transcriptomics can directly reflect the relationship between trait phenotype and gene expression regulation. In the study of abalone trait variation, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) has become a common tool. Many transcriptome studies targeting specific traits reveal key genes and pathways. In order to understand the anti-thermal mechanism of abalone, a number of transcriptome studies at home and abroad have compared the expression changes of abalone tissue before and after heat stress treatment. Tripp-Valdez et al. conducted integrated analysis of the heat-stress transcriptomes of 7 abalone species and 3 hybrid species, and identified 74 differentially expressed genes that recurred in at least 7 studies, among which the majority of genes in HSP, ubiquitin-proteasome and protein folding processing pathways. These core genes are considered conservative elements of abalone's heat stress response and have potential implications for improving heat resistance (Tripp-Valdez et al., 2019). There are also a large number of transcriptome studies on immune and disease-resistant traits. The researchers analyzed the blood cell transcriptome of Nine-hole abalone under hypoxia stress and pathogen stimulation, and found that hypoxia inhibits the expression of immune-related genes, causing abalone to develop an immunosuppressive state, specifically manifested as the downregulation of signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT and NF-κB. Further RNAi interference of the AKT gene confirmed that downregulation of this gene will lead to reduced immune function. This series of results elucidates the molecular mechanism of abalone's immunity decline under multiple stresses. 5 Key Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways 5.1 Signal pathways that affect growth and metabolism (such as IGF, mTOR) The growth and metabolism of abalone are regulated by multiple signaling pathways, among which the nutritional
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