International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 154-166 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 164 miRNA are also an important link in regulating gene expression. The shrimp genome encodes numerous miRNAs that inhibit translation or promote mRNA degradation by binding to the 3’UTR of the target mRNA. During reproduction and growth, the expression profiles of different miRNAs are dynamically changed, thereby achieving fine control of regulatory networks. 8.3 Gene response and adaptation driven by environmental pressure (salinity, pollution, pathogens) The water environment in which shrimps live is complex and changeable, and environmental pressures such as salinity, temperature, pollutants and pathogens have jointly shaped the adaptive changes in their genome. A large number of studies have shown that different environmental factors induce specific gene responses in shrimps, thereby improving adaptability. Salinity is one of the determinants of aquatic biodistribution. Under high salt conditions, gill tissues upregulate sodium/potassium ATPase, inorganic ion transporters and other genes, improving the salt discharge ability; while at moderate salinity (7‰ and 14‰), metabolic enzyme activity decreased, implying that the salinity range is close to the osmotic pressure isotensin point of the shrimp, which minimizes its energy metabolic load. In long-term evolution, the genomes of prawns and marsh shrimps that live in salt-changing environments such as estuaries and salt marsh are often rich in variable regulatory elements, allowing the above-mentioned osmotic pressure regulatory genes to quickly adjust their expression. Stress of pollutants (such as heavy metals, pesticides) can also induce stress responses at the genomic level. Prawns live along shallow coasts and are inevitably exposed to industrial and agricultural pollution. In order to detoxify and tolerate, these shrimps evolved expanded detoxifying enzyme genes (such as glutathione transferase GST, multifunctional oxidase CYP, etc.), which quickly upregulate expression in the presence of toxic substances, converting the poison into a non-toxic form. Pathogenic principle is another important pressure in shrimp evolution. Shrimps are prone to infection with Vibrio, WSSV, etc., and the periodic outbreaks over the years have caused heavy losses to breeding. Under evolutionary selection, surviving shrimp species often have stronger immune gene reserves and rapid immune activation capabilities. Genome sequencing shows that Pacific white shrimp amplifies many immune receptors and effector molecular genes, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antimicrobial peptide PEN, phenol oxidase progen, etc. Amplification of these genes improves shrimp's ability to recognize and remove multiple pathogens. Transcriptome studies in recent years have also confirmed that when encountering pathogen infection, the immune genes in shrimps quickly and significantly change their expression. Acknowledgements Thank you to all reviewers for their meticulous review, and also thank the members of the research team and technicians for their support in experimental design and data analysis. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Alfaro-Montoya J., 2010, The reproductive conditions of male shrimps genus Penaeus sub-genus Litopenaeus (open thelyca penaeoid shrimps): a review, Aquaculture, 300: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AQUACULTURE.2009.12.008 Awad M.N., Khalafalla M.M., Khalil R.H., Abdella B.H., and Mohamed R.A., 2025, Effect of fermented feed on the growth performance health condition and immune response of white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 75(4): 8217-8228. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.36120 Cai P.F., Zhang W.Y., Jiang S.F., Xiong Y.W., Yuan H.W., Gao Z.J., Gao X.B., Ma C., Zhou Y.K., Gong Y.S., Qiao H., Jin S.B., and Fu H.T., 2023, Insulin-like androgenic gland hormone induced sex reversal and molecular pathways in Macrobrachium nipponense: insights into reproduction growth and sex differentiation, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(18): 14306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814306 Chen H., Li Z.C., Yang H.L., Zhang J.Y., Farhadi A., and Li E., 2023, Identifying genes involved in the secretory physiological response to feeding in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using transcriptomics, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 288: 111555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111555
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