International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 154-166 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 154 Research Insight Open Access Genomic Evolution of Growth and Reproduction Related Genes in Shrimp PeimingXu1, Lingfei Jin 2 1 Aquatic Biology Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China 2 Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: lingfei.jin@jicat.org International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, doi: 10.5376/ijms.2025.15.0014 Received: 28 Apr., 2025 Accepted: 30 May, 2025 Published: 17 Jun, 2025 Copyright © 2025 Xu and Jin, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Xu P.M., and Jin L.F., 2025, Genomic evolution of growth and reproduction related genes in shrimp, International Journal of Marine Science, 15(3): 154-166 (doi: 10.5376/ijms.2025.15.0014) Abstract As globally important economic aquaculture species, the growth and reproductive capacities of shrimp directly determine the efficiency and sustainability of the industry. In recent years, the rapid advancement of genomics and multi-omics technologies has provided critical support for elucidating the functions and evolutionary trajectories of genes related to shrimp growth and reproduction. This study systematically reviews the progress in shrimp genomics, focusing on the functional classification, expression characteristics, phylogenetic relationships, and selection pressure analyses of growth- and reproduction-related genes. Through case studies of three representative species-Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp), Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp), and Macrobrachium nipponense (oriental river prawn)-the evolutionary features of key genes in terms of function and regulation are analyzed. Furthermore, the roles of gene family expansion, gene duplication and pseudogenes, and transcriptional regulatory elements in genomic functional evolution are summarized. By integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenetic data, the study reveals adaptive evolutionary mechanisms of shrimp under environmental stressors such as salinity changes, pollution, and pathogens. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding and biological mechanism studies in shrimp. Keywords Genome evolution; Reproductive regulation; Adaptive evolution; Epigenetics; Litopenaeus vannamei 1 Introduction Shrimps (especially the Shrimp Family) are the pillar species of the global aquaculture industry and occupy an important position in international trade. Taking Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as an example, China introduced farming in the late 1980s, and its output increased from 1.429 9 million tons in 2013 to 2.098 6 million tons in 2022, an increase of 46.8%. Currently, Pacific white shrimp is the highest-yield crustacean farmed animal in China, with significant breeding scale and economic value. Globally, with the increasing demand for aquatic proteins, shrimp farming industry has expanded rapidly in Asia, America and other regions. The shrimp farming industry has created huge economic benefits: the shrimp farming output value in the two northwestern Mexico states alone is close to US$676 million in 2020. It can be seen that shrimp farming plays an important role in the fishery economy and food supply, both in China and around the world. The growth rate and reproductive ability of shrimps are key traits that determine the benefits of farming. Rapidly grown and larger individual varieties tend to have higher market value and yield. Therefore, increasing the growth rate of shrimps has always been an important goal of breeding. However, during the process of high-intensity breeding and introduction and domestication, many shrimp strains have problems such as growth stagnation and individual size. The reduction in genetic diversity is considered to be one of the reasons: microsatellite analysis shows that some commercial populations of Pacific white shrimp have low genetic diversity, which may lead to deterioration in growth and stress resistance (Ren et al., 2020). In terms of reproduction, the fertility of shrimp determines the supply and breeding cycle of seedlings. Highly fertile shrimps can provide sufficient quality larvae, which is crucial for the expansion of the breeding scale. In actual production, eye shank removal technology is often used to promote the maturity of shrimp, but this operation will cause stress on the shrimp. The lack of reproductive capacity is also reflected in some imported varieties: due to long-term closure breeding, the neatness and survival rate of shrimp seedlings have decreased, and parent shrimps need to be repurchased from abroad every year to maintain production. Therefore, improving the growth and reproductive traits of shrimps is of great significance to solving the current industrial bottlenecks and achieving sustainable and efficient breeding.
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