International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.3, 130-143 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 142 changes. For example, long-term monitoring data can be combined with genomes to analyze whether the rise in seawater temperature in the past few decades has caused detectable changes in the allele frequency of populations such as Japanese Spanish mackerel (indicating the occurrence of adaptive evolution). It is also possible to construct population genome simulations under different climate scenarios to predict the potential evolutionary response path of Spanish mackerel. If it is found that some key adaptive genes may be lost under extreme scenarios, this is very important for formulating seed conservation and aquaculture strategies. (5) Interdisciplinary integration and data sharing: The study of Spanish mackerel brings together the interests of multiple fields such as systematics, population genetics, ecology and aquaculture science. Future research should promote closer cooperation among these fields. For example, genetic parameters can be introduced in fishery management decisions, or ecological adaptability can be considered in the formulation of breeding programs. The establishment of an open Spanish mackerel genome and environmental database is encouraged to allow researchers and institutions in different regions to share data and conduct joint analysis. Acknowledgements The authors thank Professor Jelena for the valuable advice and guidance. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Andersson L., Bekkevold D., Berg F., Farrell E.D., Felkel S., Ferreira M.S., Fuentes-Pardo A.P., Goodall J., and Pettersson M., 2024, How fish population genomics can promote sustainable fisheries: a road map, Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 12(1): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-102933 Da Cunha D.B., Rodrigues-Filho L.F.S., de Luna Sales J.B., Rêgo P., Queiroz C., Sampaio I., and Vallinoto M., 2020, Molecular inferences on Scomberomorus brasiliensis from the Western South Atlantic based on two mitochondrial genes, Frontiers in Marine Science, 7: 558902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.558902 Gao Y., Liu S.L., Gutang Q.L., Li C.Z., Lin X.Q., Liang B., Li P., Lin J.Q., Liu W.H., 2024, Chromosome-level genome assembly of Indo-Pacific king mackerel (Scomberomorus guttatus), Scientific Data, 11(1): 1224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04110-5 Garner B.A., Hoban S., and Luikart G., 2020, IUCN red list and the value of integrating genetics, Conservation Genetics, 21(5): 795-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-020-01301-6 Halasan L.C., Geraldino P.J.L., and Lin H.C., 2021, First evidence of cryptic species diversity and population structuring of Selaroides leptolepis in the tropical Western Pacific, Frontiers in Marine Science, 8: 756163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.756163 Hashemi S.A.R., and Doustdar M., 2022, Fishery status of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson Lacépède 1800) in the northern waters of the Oman Sea Iran, Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(4): 311-321. Jeena N.S., Rahuman S., Roul S.K., Azeez P.A., Vinothkumar R., Manas H.M., Nesnas E.A., Margaret Muthu Rathinam A., Margaret Muthu Rathinam S., Surya S., Surya P., Abdussamad E.M., and Gopalakrishnan A., 2022, Resolved and redeemed: a new fleck to the evolutionary divergence in the genus Scomberomorus (Scombridae) with cryptic speciation, Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 888463. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.888463 Johnson M.G., Mgaya Y.D., and Shaghude Y.W., 2021, Analysis of the genetic stock structure and phylogenetic relationship of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) along the northern Tanzanian coastal waters using mitochondrial DNA, Regional Studies in Marine Science, 43: 101862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101862 Lorenzen K., Leber K.M., and Taylor M.D., 2021, Responsible approach to marine stock enhancement: an updated framework integrating biological economic and social dimensions, Reviews in Fisheries Science, 18(2): 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641262.2010.491564 Machado A.M., Gomes-Dos-Santos A., and Fonseca M.M.,2022, A genome assembly of the Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias): a valuable teleost fishing resource, GigaByte, 2022(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46471/gigabyte.40 Oliveira M.A.S., Nunes T., Dos Santos M.A., Ferreira Gomes D., Costa I., Van-Lume B., Marques Da Silva Sarah S., Oliveira Ronaldo Simão Simon M.F., Lima Gaus S.A., Gissi D.S., Almeida C.C.S., Souza G., Marques A., 2021, High-throughput genomic data reveal complex phylogenetic relationships in Stylosanthes (Leguminosae), Frontiers in Genetics, 12: 727314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.727314
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