International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 53-64 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 57 there is less migration between different regions, which further emphasizes the impact of geographic isolation in the formation of grouper species differentiation (Cao et al., 2014; Cao et al., 2022). Figure 2 Graphical maps of the mitogenomes of Cephalopholis leopardus, Cephalopholis spiloparaea, Epinephelus coioides amblycephalus, andEpinephelus coioides hexagonatus (Adopted from Li et al., 2024) 5.3 Hybridization and gene introgression between closely related species Hybridization and gene introgression are important mechanisms in the evolution of groupers, and this mechanism is more important between closely related species. Studies have shown that there is extensive hybridization between different species of groupers, which makes species identification more difficult, but also promotes the formation of genetic diversity. Genetic variation introduced by past hybridization events provides the basis for rapid speciation and adaptive radiation. These processes may blur species boundaries and promote the emergence of new species by recombining existing genetic variation into new combinations (Qu et al., 2017; Marques et al., 2019). 5.4 Gametic isolation and post-zygotic barriers Reproductive isolation in groupers is maintained by pre- and post-gametic barriers. Gametic isolation can occur
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