International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 92-106 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 104 from Asia to the Americas. The high level of haplotype diversity in the invading population and the coexistence of the two major differentiation lineages further reveal the genetic traces of multiple and multi-source introductions. 8.3 Chinese prawns (Fenneropenaeus chinensis): conservation pressure of nearshore habitat populations Chinese prawns are large shrimps unique to the nearshore waters of the Northwest Pacific. They were once an important target of traditional Chinese sea capture and breeding. However, in recent years, due to overfishing and environmental changes, their wild populations have faced great conservation pressure. Systematic geography research provides scientific basis for understanding the population structure of Chinese shrimp and formulating conservation measures. The natural distribution of Chinese prawns is concentrated in shallow sea areas such as the Yellow Sea and the West Coast of the Korean Peninsula. Its life cycle includes nearshore egg laying, larval development, autumn migration and wintering. Genetic studies have shown that genetic differentiation among different egg-laying populations is low, which is related to their annual migration and confounding. Sun Song et al. identified the proportion of release shrimp seedlings in the wild captured samples through SSR and mitochondrial markers, and for the first time some release individuals successfully survived and participated in reproduction (Sun et al., 2024). This study provides direct evidence for the effectiveness of proliferation and release. But at the same time, some scholars have suggested that the genetic differences between release seedlings and wild populations may affect their adaptability, and if the release seedlings degrade, the effect will be reduced. Therefore, in recent years, the breeding department has focused on improving the quality of release seedlings, such as using wild shrimp breeding or hybridization to improve stress resistance. In addition to the decline in genetic diversity, environmental deterioration and diseases are also threats to Chinese prawns. After the white spot disease was introduced to China's coast in the 1990s, it also had a huge impact on wild Chinese shrimps, and the population was once sharply reduced. Climate warming and inshore eutrophication lead to changes in shrimp seedling habitat (Figure 4), which may affect early survival rates (Liu, 2022). When the population is down, genetic diversity may further decline, forming a vicious cycle. Therefore, Chinese shrimps are listed as one of the marine organisms that need to be protected by key areas. Figure 4 Map of sampling locations. Red dot indicated the location of Jinzhou bay where F. chinensis were sampled (Adopted from Liu, 2022) Acknowledgments During the completion of this paper, we would like to thank Professor Cai J.J. for his patient guidance and help in various stages such as data interpretation and paper revision, and I would also like to thank the two peer reviewers for their suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest.
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