International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 92-106 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 99 the waters of northern Brazil since 1987, and are believed to have originated from the escape of the farm and reproduced smoothly. 5.2.2 Ecological impact on local species competition and habitat changes After foreign shrimp species colonize non-native, they may affect the local ecology through various channels. First, compete with local species. Alien shrimp often share similar ecological niches with local close species, thus creating competition in food and space. For example, after the invasion of Brazil, the Giant tiger prawns were concerned about competing with local indigenous prawn species such as the Farfantepenaeus species (Petatán-Ramírez et al., 2020). If the invasive species have stronger adaptability or reproductive power, it may lower the local population (Figure 2). The second is predation and food web effects. Shrimps are both important predators and prey in the ecosystem. Foreign shrimp joining may change the original predation network. For example, after the Whiteleg shrimp escaped to the estuary of the Chinese river, it was reported that it fed benthic animals and young shrimp seedlings, which may affect benthic biome structure (Are and Apapa, 2014). The third is the role of habitat engineering. High-density shrimp may disturb the base material or affect the water quality. For example, crayfish will dig their holes and cause turbidity after invading freshwater, and the large number of seawater shrimps may also change the benthic environment through feeding and biological disturbances. Fourth, the risk of genetic pollution. If foreign species can hybridize with local relative species, it will lead to genetic confusion. Figure 2 Results of the modelling for Penaeus monodon: (A) Mnat, with only Indo-Pacific recordings and projections into the Atlantic; (B) Minv, using only recordings of invasions in the Atlantic; and (C) Mcom, using all known recordings (Indo-Pacific and Atlantic data) (Adopted from Petatán-Ramírez et al., 2020) 5.3 Co-concomitant spread mechanism of international trade and disease transmission Global farming of shrimp is also accompanied by the global spread of pathogens, which is a serious challenge
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