International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 92-106 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 94 differentiation. Mitochondrial DNA is widely used in shrimp species identification and phylogenetic analysis due to its maternal inheritance and moderate evolution rate. For example, mitochondrial gene sequences such as 16S rRNA and COI have been successfully used to distinguish between relative shrimp species and construct intergenic phylogenies (Baeza and Fuentes, 2013). The acquisition of complete mitochondrial genome data has also gradually increased. For example, the entire mitochondrial genome of Chinese prawns and Pacific white shrimp has been recently measured, providing information for more refined systematic analysis. Nuclear DNA markers such as 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone genes, etc. are also often combined with mitochondrial data to improve the reliability of phylogenetic trees. In addition, highly variable microsatellite (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are more used in population-level genetic structure research, but can also assist in the exploration of population differentiation history at a higher classification level. With the development of second-generation sequencing, methods such as RAD-seq, whole-genome resequencing of shrimps have also begun to be applied to systematic geography research, and can obtain thousands of SNP sites at the same time, greatly improving resolution. The application of these molecular marker tools has greatly promoted the research depth of shrimp phylogenetic and geographical evolution issues. For example, analyzing 21 globally cultivated Pacific white shrimp populations using high-density SNP chips found that their overall genetic diversity is still high, but there are structural differences between different source lines (Santos et al., 2018). Figure 1 Photographs of symbiotic palaemonid shrimp. (A) Exoclimenella maldivensis; (B) Periclimenella spinifera; (C) Cuapetes amymone; (D) Anapontonia denticauda; (E) Palaemonella aliska; (F) Harpilius lutescens; (G) Cuapetes nilandensis; (H) Ischnopontonia lophos; (I) Philarius imperialis; (J) Vir orientalis (Adopted from Frolová et al., 2022) 3 Natural Geographical Distribution and Evolution History of Native Populations 3.1 Indo-Pacific: biodiversity hotspots and origin center A large number of studies have shown that the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) waters are the hot spots of biodiversity and the center of evolutionary origin of many marine shrimps. The region includes tropical waters in the Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, with abundant coral reefs and mangrove ecosystems, providing a diverse habitat for shrimp. Phylogenetic and fossil evidence suggests that the common ancestors of many of the living
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