International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 75-91 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 89 In terms of genetic resource protection, a germplasm resource library of Spanish mackerel fish should be established to preserve live or frozen sperm eggs, tissue samples, etc. for important populations in different sea areas for future breeding and research purposes. Live Spanish mackerels can be established to protect populations based on aquatic research institutions or marine aquariums. At the same time, high genetic diversity populations in the wild should be protected. In terms of population recovery, artificial proliferation and release can be used as an auxiliary measure. Although it is difficult to breed Spanish mackerel artificially, China and other countries have made breakthroughs in the breeding of Spanish mackerels in Japan, and have deployed a certain number of young fish to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea every year. And strengthen the marking of release fish to track and evaluate survival and recovery rates. Proliferation and release must be coordinated with fishery management. If fishing is not restricted after release, the juvenile fish will be caught soon, in vain. Public education and fishermen's participation are also important parts of conservation and restoration, and strive for fishermen and consumers' support by promoting the value of Spanish mackerels in the ecosystem, current resource status and the importance of management initiatives. Establish a benefit-sharing mechanism, such as the government or NGO compensates fishermen for losses during fishing moratoriums and fishing bans, so that protection and recovery become joint action. Only when genetic diversity is maintained and populations steadily recover can Spanish mackerel resources truly achieve sustainable utilization. Acknowledgements We thank the anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments that will help improve the quality of this manuscript. At the same time, thank you to colleagues and technicians who provided support and assistance during this research process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors confirm that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdussamad E.M., Toji T., Margaret A.M.R., Mini K.G., Rajesh K.M., Azeez P.A., Vinothkumar R., Retheesh T., Abbas A., Shihab I., Sneha M., Prathibha R., and Gopalakrishnan A., 2023, Untangling the taxonomic ambiguities of the spotted seerfish Scomberomorus guttatus with description of a new species from India, Journal of Fish Biology, 104(3): 662-680. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15582 AlMusallami M., Dimech M., Francis F., Hamza W., Henderson A., Muzaffar S., Scarcella G., Demirel N., and Pinello D., 2025, The stock status of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commerson (Lacépède 1800) in the southern Arabian Gulf: a case study using multiple length-based assessment approaches, Frontiers in Marine Science, 11: 1492238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1492238 Amani A., and Yawar M.E., 2025, International trade and export, Global Spectrum of Research and Humanities, 2025: 51-59. https://doi.org/10.69760/gsrh.010120250186 Broderick D., Ovenden J., Buckworth R., Newman S., Lester R., and Welch D., 2011, Genetic population structure of grey mackerel Scomberomorus semifasciatus in northern Australia, Journal of Fish Biology, 79(3): 633-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03055.x Chaves P.T.C., Birnfeld P.O., and Vaz-Dos-Santos A., 2021, Population dynamics of Scomberomorus brasiliensis from a small-scale fishery off Southern Brazil, Ocean and Coastal Research, 69: e21013. https://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824069.20-016pdtdcc Eaton K.M., Samenuk J.E., Thaxton L., Chaves V., and Bernal M.A., 2024, Broad thermal tolerance and high mitochondrial genetic connectivity in the pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), bioRxiv, 106(3): 932-942. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.05.622102 Fauvelot C., and Borsa P., 2011, Patterns of genetic isolation in a widely distributed pelagic fish the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), Biological Journal of The Linnean Society, 104: 886-902. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1095-8312.2011.01754.X Go S., Lee J., and Jung S., 2025, Projecting the shift of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) spawning grounds driven by climate change in the western north pacific ocean, Fishes, 10(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10010020 González‐Wevar C.A., De Aranzamendi M.C., Segovia N., Rosenfeld S., Maturana C., Molina C., Brickle P., Gardenal C., Bastida R., and Poulin E., 2023, Genetic footprints of quaternary glacial cycles over the patterns of population diversity and structure in three Nacella (Patellogastropoda: Nacellidae) species across the Magellan province in southern South America, Frontiers in Marine Science, 10: 1154755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1154755
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