International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 53-64 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 61 can figure out the genetic relationship between these groupers and whether they are likely to hybridize, we can come up with better ways to manage them. This can protect their genetic diversity and make grouper resources last longer (Qu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2021). 10 Future Prospects and Research Directions Studying high-quality grouper genomes can provide a good foundation for the combination of multi-omics methods such as transcriptomics and epigenomics. The improvement and application of these methodologies can help researchers gain a deeper understanding of how groupers adapt to environmental pressures and the rapid radiation events of groupers, and also help us better understand the mechanisms of gene expression, regulatory elements, and epigenetic modifications. These studies reveal the complex mechanisms behind species diversity and ecological adaptability. Through multi-omics integration, we can better analyze the process of speciation and support resistance breeding and conservation genetics. Population genomics plays a relatively major role in understanding how groupers respond to climate change, especially historical and ongoing climate change. Studies by multiple teams have shown that climate change and sea level fluctuations during the Pleistocene have affected grouper populations in various aspects and to varying degrees on the geographic structure, phylogenetic diversity and population history of groupers, leading to population bottleneck effects, secondary contacts and regional differentiation, etc. As climate change continues to affect the marine environment, population genomic analysis will play a long-term role in predicting the adaptive capacity of groupers, managing genetic diversity and formulating regional conservation strategies. Emerging environmental DNA (eDNA) and environmental genomics technologies are ideal tools for detecting the non-invasiveness of grouper populations, assessing biodiversity, and detecting cryptic or hybrid species. These methods can complement the shortcomings of traditional barcoding and genomics technologies, provide real-time data on species distribution, genetic diversity, and hybridization events, and have far-reaching impacts on the effective management and conservation of groupers. Groupers are widely distributed in many oceans around the world and have a complex biogeographic history. They show diverse distribution patterns in different oceans. Collaborative research across marine biogeographic regions is an important and urgent task for grouper research. Through multi-team collaboration, combining genomic, ecological and biogeographic data from different oceans (such as the Indo-Australian Archipelago, the Caribbean Sea, etc.) for comparative studies can help us reveal the drivers of grouper species diversification and resolve some taxonomic disputes. Collaborative research can also help develop a unified conservation and management framework that takes into account differences in evolutionary history and genetic structure in different oceans. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Zhao X.Y. continuous support throughout the development of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Allio R., Nabholz B., Wanke S., Chomicki G., Pérez-Escobar Ó., Cotton A., Clamens A., Kergoat G., Sperling F., and Condamine F., 2021, Genome-wide macroevolutionary signatures of key innovations in butterflies colonizing new host plants, Nature Communications, 12(1): 354. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20507-3 Amorim K.D.J., Costa G.W.W.F., Cioffi M.B., Tanomtong A., Bertollo L.A.C., and Molina W.F., 2021, A new view on the scenario of karyotypic stasis in Epinephelidae fish: cytogenetic historical and biogeographic approaches, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 44: e20210122. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2021-0122 Amorim K., Costa G., Motta-Neto C., Soares R., Borges A., Benetti D., Cioffi M., Bertollo L., Tanomtong A., and Molina W., 2024, Karyotypic changes and diversification time in Epinephelidae groupers (Perciformes), implications on reproductive isolation, Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 96(1): e20221011. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420221011
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