International Journal of Marine Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 45-52 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 48 researchers will also add some auxiliary observation data, such as on-site sampling data to assist in judgment (Bisson et al., 2023). Now, there are still people who combine deep learning technology with remote sensing images to improve the ability to draw and track marine resources. This allows us to better carry out sustainable development and conservation efforts. 5 Technological Advances in Ocean Remote Sensing Platforms 5.1 Satellite-based remote sensing systems Now, satellite remote sensing has greatly changed the way we study and observe the ocean. These satellites can provide continuous and long-term data that can be used to monitor winds, ocean currents, wave heights, and sea level changes on the sea surface. One of these tools, called satellite altimeter technology, can cover a large sea area and help us continuously track sea level rise and current changes. In addition to satellites, technologies such as high-frequency radar (HF radar), submarine cable measurement and acoustic doppler flowmeter (ADCP) can also provide more refined data in a small range. By combining these ground and underwater observation technologies with satellite data, a more comprehensive observation network can be formed (Figure 1) (Amani et al., 2022). Of course, satellites have advantages of large range and long time, but they sometimes have limitations in image clarity and data update speed. Figure 1 Different methods for ocean current estimation (Adopted from Amani et al., 2022) 5.2 Airborne remote sensing technologies In addition to satellites, remote sensing equipment on aircraft and drones has also made great progress. These devices can take high-resolution images and are particularly suitable for observing shallow sea areas, such as coral reefs. There are now some advanced systems, such as FluidCam and MiDAR, that can clearly pass through the waves and provide multispectral images, which are ideal for ecological monitoring and mapping (Chirayath and Li, 2019). In addition, drones can also combine ordinary RGB images with multispectral images to measure water depth. This method is particularly suitable for use in small shallow water areas, and can draw very detailed water depth maps (Alevizos et al., 2022). 5.3 Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and drones AUVs (autonomous underwater vehicles) are now increasingly important in marine research. In the past, tasks that had to be done by people in the water could be completed, but now AUV can also be completed. They are equipped with advanced sonar and laser sensors, which can perform very fine mapping underwater and can also collect various data (Sahoo et al., 2019; Hasan et al., 2024). AUV can also be used for directional sampling. For
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