International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 245-255 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 250 systems (Pérez et al., 2015). The interaction between atmosphere, waves, and ocean can influence the formation and evolution of severe weather phenomena, such as Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones (medicanes). Coupled simulations have revealed that waves can attenuate cyclones by enhancing sea surface temperature (SST) cooling through mechanisms like Ekman pumping and vertical mixing (Varlas et al., 2020). Figure 2 Interaction between nonlinear internal waves and the marine atmospheric boundary layer (Adopted from Ortiz-Suslow et al., 2019) Image caption: (a) Image from the FC during case study period, heading refers to the look direction of the FC, while U and WDIR refer to mean wind speed and direction (clock-wise from north), respectively, as observed from 3 m above the surface; (b) normalized backscatter intensity map from the WAMOS; (c) and (d) show the ocean skin and water temperature anomalies, respectively, from the surface to a depth of 40 m. The identified nonlinear internal wave-associated bands (A–G) are noted in (c) and (d), with select fronts marked in (a) and (b) (Adopted from Ortiz-Suslow et al., 2019) The impact of ocean waves on the ABL varies significantly across different regions and under different climatic conditions. Coastal areas experience pronounced effects due to internal waves and micro-scale interactions, while open ocean environments are influenced by surface and submesoscale processes. Seasonal and climatic changes further modulate these interactions, highlighting the complex and dynamic nature of air-sea interactions.
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