International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 245-255 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 248 observing system, along with advancements in sensor technology and data management, is recommended to enhance the quality and scope of ship-based observations (Smith et al., 2019). The use of ship-launched unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has extended the capabilities of research fleets, allowing for detailed characterization of the marine atmospheric boundary layer and ocean surface processes (Reineman et al., 2016). 4.1.3 Field campaigns and long-term monitoring Field campaigns and long-term monitoring efforts are essential for capturing comprehensive data on ocean-atmosphere interactions. For instance, the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) utilized the NOAA P-3 aircraft to obtain extensive observations over the Atlantic Ocean. These observations included high-altitude circles with dropsonde deployment, slow descents and ascents for water vapor distribution, and remote sensing instruments for cloud and ocean surface measurements (Pincus et al., 2021). Long-term projects like the Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) project are building global networks of autonomous floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors to monitor marine processes and ecosystem dynamics (Chai et al., 2020). Figure 1 Relationship between U10 and LPMSS measured by the miniature buoy (Adopted from Zhong et al., 2022) Image caption: (a) Onshore and (b) offshore wind conditions. (c) Criteria for distinguishing whether wind conditions are influenced by coastal topography (Adopted from Zhong et al., 2022)
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