International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 245-254 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 250 Figure 2 Cultivation of Cucumaria frondosa (Adopted from Dvoretsky and Dvoretsky, 2021) Image caption: I – fertilization under laboratory conditions, II – schematic diagram of the TINRO commercial rearing system, III – transfer of juveniles on the seafloor, IV – sea ranching, V – harvesting (adopted from Hamel and Mercier, 1996; Gavrilova et al., 2006). SP, sperm, OC, oocytes. FO, fertilized oocytes, BL, blastula, GS, gastrula, VT, vitellaria, PN, pentactula, SJ, settled juvenile. 1, 4, 8, 10, 15 – pump for seawater; 2 – filter (pore diameter 150–200 μm); 3 – septic tank; 5, 13 – water can; 6 – holding tank for juveniles; 7 – broodstock tank; 9, 16 – chiller, 11 – micro-filter (pore diameter 20–40 μm); 12, 17 – UV-sterilizer with ozonation; 14 – heater with thermoregulation; 18 – tank for spawning and fertilization; 19 – rearing tank for larvae; 20 – ultra-filter (pore diameter 0.1–0.2 μm); 21 – tank for food items; 22 – aerator (Adopted from Dvoretsky and Dvoretsky, 2021) 6 Breeding and Restocking Programs 6.1 Breeding techniques Breeding techniques for sea cucumbers have been explored for various species to support aquaculture and restocking efforts. For instance, Holothuria arguinensis was successfully induced to spawn using thermal stimulation, with larval development reaching the juvenile stage after 18 days post-spawning, although high mortality rates were observed at the doliolaria and juvenile stages (Domínguez‐Godino et al., 2015). Similarly,
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