International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 218-230 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 224 6.3 Advances in ocean circulation models Recent advances in ocean circulation models have improved our understanding and prediction capabilities. Enhanced climate model simulations, particularly for the Maritime Continent region, are necessary to quantify and attribute hydrological changes in the Indo-Pacific (Ummenhofer et al., 2021). The development of large ensembles for each model helps reduce uncertainty from internal variability and isolate the forced response to global warming (Zheng, 2019). Additionally, the integration of complex network methodologies and principal component analysis has provided a more comprehensive understanding of the spatiotemporal and multivariable dependencies in the Indo-Pacific climate system (Falasca et al., 2021). These advancements, coupled with sustained and enhanced observational efforts, are crucial for improving the accuracy and reliability of ocean circulation models. In summary, while numerical modeling techniques have significantly advanced our understanding of Indo-Pacific ocean circulation, challenges such as model biases, sparse observational data, and complex climate interactions remain. Continued improvements in climate models and observational networks are essential for overcoming these challenges and enhancing our predictive capabilities. 7 Observational Methods 7.1 Satellite remote sensing Satellite remote sensing has been instrumental in observing and understanding the variability of the Indo-Pacific Ocean basin circulation and its impact on climate change. For instance, satellite-observed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data accumulated over multiple decades has been used to examine the multi-time scale variabilities of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool, highlighting significant seasonal and interannual variations (Yin et al., 2020). Additionally, remote sensing datasets have been utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal variability of ocean net primary production (NPP) in the tropical eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans, revealing complex biophysical interactions influenced by climate phenomena such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) (Kong et al., 2019). These satellite observations provide critical data for understanding the large-scale patterns and trends in ocean circulation and their climatic impacts. 7.2 In-situ observations In-situ observations complement satellite data by providing detailed and localized measurements of oceanographic parameters. For example, Argo floats have been used to collect sea surface salinity (SSS) data, which, along with precipitation and evaporation datasets, help in analyzing the relationship between SSS, ocean circulation, and climate change (Du et al., 2019). Additionally, moored current meter observations in the Maluku Channel have been employed to study the interannual variability of currents in the Sulawesi Sea, revealing the influence of Indo-Pacific planetary waves on regional circulation patterns (Hu et al., 2019) (Figure 3). These in-situ measurements are crucial for validating satellite data and enhancing our understanding of ocean dynamics at finer spatial and temporal scales. Hu et al. (2019) presents a comprehensive overview of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region, highlighting the intricate connections between the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Figure 1a provides a geographical context of key straits and seas within the Indonesian archipelago. Figures 1b and 1c compare sea surface height anomalies (SLA) and currents derived from the INDESO model and Aviso altimetry, showing the consistency and differences between model simulations and observational data. Figure 1d offers a detailed view of the Sulawesi Sea, illustrating current patterns and SLA with high resolution. This study emphasizes the ITF's role in global ocean circulation, influenced by planetary waves and climate variability phenomena such as ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole. The results underscore the importance of high-resolution modeling and observational data in understanding the dynamics of ITF and its impact on regional and global climate systems.
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