International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 193-203 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 199 6.1.5 Ocean gliders Ocean gliders, such as those used in the RAPID project, have been instrumental in monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). These gliders, equipped with CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) sensors, provide continuous measurements of water column properties, helping to improve predictions of climate variability and change. Gentil et al. (2020) discuss the integration of ADCPs onto gliders for monitoring currents and turbidity in the coastal zone, highlighting their use in the Rhone River region (Figure 3). Figure 3 Observation results of ocean gliders (Adopted from Gentil et al., 2020) Image caption: Hydrological variables: (a, b) temperature, (c, d) absolute salinity, (e, f) density anomalies, and (g, h) the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. The isopycnals are superimposed on all plots and indicated by black or white lines. The black arrow at the top of each panel indicates the direction of the glider’s motion (Adopted from Gentil et al., 2020) 6.2 Lessons learned from field applications Drifting buoys face challenges such as loss due to harsh ocean conditions and limitations in real-time data transmission. Enhancing the robustness of buoys and improving satellite communication technologies are vital for the reliability of these systems. The primary challenge with satellite remote sensing is the resolution and coverage limitations. Cloud cover and atmospheric conditions can impede data quality. Integrating satellite data with in-situ observations can mitigate these limitations and provide more accurate and comprehensive datasets. HFR systems can be affected by electromagnetic interference and require substantial infrastructure. Strategic placement and regular calibration of HFR systems are necessary to maintain data accuracy and reliability. While AUVs have proven to be invaluable tools, challenges such as battery life, data storage capacity, and navigation in complex terrains have been noted. Continuous improvements in power management and autonomous decision-making algorithms are essential for enhancing their operational efficiency. Operational challenges for gliders include biofouling, which affects sensor accuracy, and difficulties in retrieving data from remote locations. Regular maintenance and the development of antifouling technologies are critical for long-term deployments.
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