International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 193-203 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 197 accurate and timely warnings (Jiang et al., 2022; Song et al., 2023). Improved observational networks and holistic approaches, such as those inspired by landscape ecology, support better understanding and forecasting of marine disasters (Capotondi et al., 2019). 5.4 Maritime navigation and safety Ensuring maritime navigation and safety requires comprehensive monitoring of marine environments. Technologies such as underwater imaging devices, passive and active acoustic sensors, and satellite observations provide critical data on marine life, boat traffic, and environmental conditions (Ruhl et al., 2021). These observations help in planning safe navigation routes and avoiding hazards. AI-driven models further enhance navigation safety by predicting sea ice, tide levels, and other navigational challenges (Jiang et al., 2022; Song et al., 2023). The integration of various observational techniques, including hydroacoustics and video surveys, offers a cost-effective approach to monitoring and ensuring maritime safety. 5.5 Ecosystem and biodiversity monitoring Monitoring marine ecosystems and biodiversity is essential for conservation and management efforts. The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) and other collaborative initiatives facilitate the exchange of information on marine life, linking policy and management needs with observational data (Kavanaugh et al., 2021; Ruhl et al., 2021). Remote sensing technologies, combined with in situ observations, provide comprehensive data on biophysical interactions and biodiversity changes in coastal zones (Kavanaugh et al., 2021). AI algorithms also play a significant role in identifying and predicting changes in marine biodiversity, supporting efforts to protect and manage marine ecosystems (Jiang et al., 2022; Song et al., 2023). 6 Case Studies 6.1 Successful implementations of key technologies 6.1.1 Drifting buoys Drifting buoys, part of the global Argo program, have significantly contributed to the observation of ocean temperature and salinity profiles. These buoys float with the ocean currents, collecting data that improves weather forecasts and climate models. The widespread deployment of Argo buoys has created a comprehensive dataset that is invaluable for oceanographic research. Li et al. (2023) systematically analyzed the research status of salinity optic fiber sensors (OFSs) on the drifting buoys for seawater salinity in marine environmental monitoring, and summarized the sensing mechanisms (Figure 1), research progress, and measurement performance indicators of various existing salinity optic fiber sensors (OFSs), in response to the actual measurement needs of seawater salinity. 6.1.2 Satellite remote sensing Satellite remote sensing has been successfully employed to monitor sea surface temperatures, chlorophyll concentrations, and ocean currents. The MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument aboard NASA's Aqua satellite has been particularly effective in tracking algal blooms and assessing their impact on marine ecosystems. This technology has provided critical data for understanding the dynamics of large-scale oceanographic phenomena. Studies such as Nielsen-Englyst et al. (2018) have shown the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing in monitoring sea surface temperatures, which is essential for climate research and marine biology. 6.1.3 High-frequency radar (HFR) High-Frequency Radar (HFR) technology is widely regarded as a cost-effective tool for monitoring coastal areas and has been employed in coastal monitoring around the world. Globally, the number of HFR stations is steadily increasing. Mantovani et al. (2020) studied the best practices for the deployment and operation of high-frequency radar for ocean current measurements (Figure 2). 6.1.4 Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) AUVs have revolutionized marine observation by enabling high-resolution mapping of the seafloor and monitoring of oceanographic parameters. A notable example is the use of AUVs in the exploration of the Mariana Trench, where they provided unprecedented data on the trench’s depth and marine life. The AUVs deployed were
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