International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 193-203 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 194 2 Key Technologies in Marine Observation 2.1 Remote sensing technologies Remote sensing technologies have revolutionized marine observation by providing extensive spatial and temporal coverage of oceanic parameters. These technologies include satellite-based sensors that measure sea surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, and sea level anomalies. The integration of remote sensing data with in-situ observations enhances the accuracy and comprehensiveness of marine environmental monitoring (Kim et al., 2020). 2.2 In-situ observation systems In-situ observation systems are essential for obtaining high-resolution and accurate data on various oceanographic parameters. These systems include moored buoys, drifters, and underwater observatories equipped with sensors to measure temperature, salinity, currents, and other physical and chemical properties of seawater. The data collected from these systems are crucial for validating remote sensing observations and improving oceanographic models. 2.3 Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have become indispensable tools in marine observation due to their ability to operate independently of a host vessel and access extreme environments. AUVs are equipped with advanced sensors such as multi-frequency acoustic imaging, side-scan sonars, and forward-looking sonars, which enable high-resolution mapping and monitoring of the seafloor and underwater features. They are used for various applications, including submarine volcanism studies, benthic habitat mapping, and seabed characterization (Sahoo et al., 2019; Zacchini et al., 2023). 2.4 Buoys and drifters Buoys and drifters are critical components of the global ocean observing system. They provide real-time data on sea surface temperature, salinity, currents, and meteorological conditions. Drifters, which move with ocean currents, offer valuable insights into surface circulation patterns and help track the dispersion of pollutants and biological organisms. Moored buoys, on the other hand, provide long-term time series data at fixed locations, contributing to the understanding of oceanic processes and climate variability (Srinivasan et al., 2019). 2.5 Acoustic monitoring Acoustic monitoring technologies play a vital role in marine observation by enabling the detection and characterization of underwater soundscapes. These technologies include hydrophones, acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs), and passive acoustic monitoring systems. Acoustic monitoring is used for various purposes, such as studying marine mammal behavior, monitoring underwater volcanic activity, and mapping seafloor habitats. AUVs equipped with acoustic sensors have been particularly effective in conducting detailed seabed surveys and identifying buried objects (Lin et al., 2022). 2.6 Internet of things (IoT) in marine monitoring The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized marine monitoring by deploying various sensors in real-time environments to measure physical parameters. These sensors, however, rely on battery power, which can lead to interruptions in monitoring activities. Advanced prediction models using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) have been developed to predict battery life and alert technologists, ensuring uninterrupted monitoring. These models have shown significant improvements in accuracy and time efficiency compared to traditional techniques (Siva et al., 2022). 3 Data Integration and Management 3.1 Big data analytics The advent of big data analytics has revolutionized marine observation and prediction by enabling the processing and analysis of vast amounts of data collected from various sources. The integration of big data analytics allows for the extraction of meaningful patterns and insights from complex datasets, which is crucial for understanding and predicting oceanic phenomena. For instance, the use of high-performance computing and advanced
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==