International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 182-192 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 190 for developing more accurate and reliable predictions, which can inform better coastal management and adaptation strategies. 10 Concluding Remarks In evaluating the mechanisms of coastal circulation and their responses to climate change, several key findings have emerged. Research suggests that climate change may accelerate coastal upwelling by enhancing coastal wind stress. This change could lead to increased ecosystem productivity in some regions, such as an expected increase in primary productivity along the coast of the Baja California Peninsula. The weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is associated with a slowdown in deep ocean convection in the North Atlantic, which may be due to increased freshwater output in the Arctic and sea ice melting. Furthermore, the recent acceleration of global average ocean circulation is mainly attributed to changes in thermodynamic processes, which have enhanced the dynamics of large-scale ocean currents. It was found that the extreme precipitation events in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2020 and the high temperature events in southern China were largely due to the combined effects of atmospheric circulation changes and climate change. Continued research on coastal circulation and its response to climate change is of great significance. A deeper understanding of coastal circulation mechanisms can enhance our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and coastal communities, thereby formulating more effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. Changes in coastal circulation could have profound effects on coastal ecosystems, particularly on fishery resources and biodiversity. Ongoing research will help us better protect these vital resources. Climate change may lead to an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. By studying the interactions between coastal and atmospheric circulations, we can improve our ability to predict these events and reduce their negative impacts on human society. To further deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of coastal circulation and their responses to climate change, future research should consider the following aspects. Develop and apply multi-scale integrated models that can incorporate atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes to provide more accurate predictions and scenario analyses. Establish and maintain high-resolution long-term monitoring networks, and combine them with advanced data assimilation techniques to obtain more accurate and comprehensive observational data. Additionally, focus on studying the impacts of climate change on specific regional coastal circulations and ecosystems, such as important fishing areas and biodiversity hotspots. Finally, promote interdisciplinary cooperation among oceanography, atmospheric sciences, ecology, and social sciences to comprehensively assess and address the complex impacts of climate change. Acknowledgments We appreciate the feedback from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Arellano B., and Rivas D., 2019, Coastal upwelling will intensify along the Baja California coast under climate change by mid-21st century: insights from a GCM-nested physical-NPZD coupled numerical ocean model, Journal of Marine Systems, 199: 103207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMARSYS.2019.103207 Camus P., Losada I., Izaguirre C., Espejo A., Menéndez M., and Pérez J., 2017, Statistical wave climate projections for coastal impact assessments, Earth's Future, 5(9): 918-933. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000609 Clark P., Pisias N., Stocker T., and Weaver A., 2002, The role of the thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change, Nature, 415: 863-869. https://doi.org/10.1038/415863a Dodet G., Melet A., Ardhuin F., Bertin X., Idier D., and Almar R., 2019, The contribution of wind-generated waves to coastal sea-level changes, Surveys in Geophysics, 40: 1563-1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09557-5
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