International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 162-171 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 170 within marine ecosystems. The integration of spatial and temporal data frameworks with ecosystem models, as demonstrated in the NF-UBC Nereus Program, allows for better interoperability and enhances the predictive capabilities of these models. Additionally, the use of modern 3D mapping technologies has proven essential in capturing the fine-scale structural variations in habitats, which are critical for understanding ecosystem functions and biodiversity. These integrated approaches facilitate a more holistic view of marine ecosystems, enabling researchers to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change, human activities, and natural variability. Future research should continue to focus on the development and application of integrated modeling frameworks that incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics. There is a need for more studies that utilize advanced technologies, such as 3D mapping and remote sensing, to capture detailed habitat structures and their variations over time. Additionally, research should aim to improve the resolution and accuracy of ecosystem models by incorporating more comprehensive data on species interactions, environmental variables, and human impacts. Long-term monitoring programs are essential to track changes in marine ecosystems and to validate model predictions. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaborations that bring together ecologists, oceanographers, and data scientists will be crucial in advancing our understanding of marine ecosystem dynamics and in developing effective conservation and management strategies. Finally, there is a need to explore the implications of spatial and temporal scales in greater detail, particularly in relation to the persistence and resilience of marine communities under varying environmental conditions. Acknowledgments The Aqua Publisher appreciates the two anonymous peer reviewers for their thoughtful review and valuable insights on the initial draft of this research. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Albouy C., Archambault P., Appeltans W., Araújo M., Beauchesne D., Cazelles K., Cirtwill A., Fortin M., Galiana N., Leroux S., Pellissier L., Poisot T., Stouffer D., Wood S., and Gravel D., 2019, The marine fish food web is globally connected, Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3(8): 1153-1161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0950-y Benoit‐Bird K.J., and McManus M.A., 2012, Bottom-up regulation of a pelagic community through spatial aggregations, Biology Letters, 8: 813-816. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0232 Chakraborty K., and Manthena V., 2015, Modelling and analysis of spatio-temporal dynamics of a marine ecosystem, Nonlinear Dynamics, 81: 1895-1906. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11071-015-2114-1 Giner C., 2017, Spatial, temporal and behavioral patterns of marine protists, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 7. https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004837 Gissi E., Fraschetti S., and Micheli F., 2019, Incorporating change in marine spatial planning: a review, Environmental Science and Policy, 92: 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2018.12.002 Jackson-Bué T., Williams G., Walker-Springett G., Rowlands S., Davies A., and Lecours V., 2021, Three-dimensional mapping reveals scale-dependent dynamics in biogenic reef habitat structure, Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation, 7(4): 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1002/rse2.213 Dou J.P., Li H., Pang X.L., Zhang C.N., Yang T.H., and Jin X.M., 2019, Research progress of quantum memory, Acta Phys. Sin., 68(3): 030307. https://doi.org/10.7498/APS.68.20190039 Korhonen J., Soininen J., and Hillebrand H., 2010, A quantitative analysis of temporal turnover in aquatic species assemblages across ecosystems, Ecology, 91(2): 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0392.1 Lehodey P., Senina I., and Murtugudde R., 2008, A spatial ecosystem and populations dynamics model (SEAPODYM)-Modeling of tuna and tuna-like populations, Progress in Oceanography, 78: 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POCEAN.2008.06.004 Leprieur F., Descombes P., Gaboriau T., Cowman P., Parravicini V., Kulbicki M., Melián C., Santana C., Heine C., Mouillot D., Bellwood D., and Pellissier L., 2016, Plate tectonics drive tropical reef biodiversity dynamics, Nature Communications, 7(1): 11461. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11461
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