International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 66-73 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 69 nuclides. The distribution of nuclides in the water column in different ways often leads to uneven vertical and horizontal distribution of radioactive nuclides in the water column. The biological availability of radioactive isotopes is another critical factor. Different tissues of organisms exhibit varying rates of absorption and accumulation of nuclides, resulting in a complex process of transfer and accumulation of nuclear pollution in the food chain, ultimately affecting different levels of marine organisms (Figure 2). Figure 2 Radioisotope leakage causes massive death of marine organisms The ecological effects of nuclear pollution on marine organisms also depend on the structure and biodiversity of the marine ecosystem. Certain organisms may exhibit higher tolerance to nuclear pollution, while others may be more susceptible to its impact. Interactions within the ecosystem and ecological niches also influence the ways in which nuclear pollution is propagated. In summary, the distribution and spread of nuclear pollution in the ocean are complex processes involving multiple interactive factors, including the sources of radioactive substances, characteristics of oceanic water bodies, behaviors of organisms, and the dynamics of the food chain. 2 Physiological Response Mechanisms of Marine Organisms to Nuclear Pollution The physiological response mechanisms of marine organisms to nuclear pollution constitute a complex process that depends on multiple factors. Nuclear pollution can have widespread effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. Some common physiological response mechanisms include DNA damage repair, antioxidant defense mechanisms, metabolic adaptations, reproductive and developmental damage, as well as changes in behavior and life history strategies (Figure 3). Figure 3 Biological cell damage
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