International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 120-129 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 126 species can adapt to new habitat conditions. As global temperatures rise and habitat fragmentation intensifies, species distribution models have become an important basis for predicting potential extinction risks of species, planning conservation areas, and formulating species management strategies. Under climate change scenarios, ecological risk assessment is a vital task, which involves the assessment of the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of various organisms in the ecosystem and their interactions under future climate change pressures. By using models and prediction methods, scientists can assess ecological risks under different climate change scenarios, including the risk of species extinction, degradation of ecosystem functions, and risk of biodiversity loss. The results of these assessments are critical to developing effective climate adaptation measures, biodiversity conservation strategies, and natural resource management policies. 4 Policy, Management and Future Research 4.1 Climate change and ocean protection policies The impact of climate change on marine ecosystems is becoming increasingly significant, from rising sea levels and acidification to the loss of biodiversity. These changes not only threaten the survival of marine life, but also affect human society. In this context, the formulation and implementation of climate change and marine protection policies are particularly important, in which international cooperation plays a decisive role. Global problems require global solutions, and international cooperation can promote the sharing of knowledge, technology and resources and help countries jointly cope with the impact of climate change on the ocean. By setting common goals and standards, international cooperation can help achieve more effective ocean protection and management, ensuring the health and biodiversity of global marine ecosystems. The establishment of protected areas is one of the important strategies for protecting biological diversity. By designating specific sea areas as protected areas and restricting or prohibiting development activities and resource extraction in these areas, marine ecosystems can be effectively protected from damage by human activities and provide safe habitats for threatened species. Protected areas not only help maintain biodiversity but also protect the stability of the marine environment and ecosystem services such as carbon storage and food supply. However, the establishment and management of protected areas need to be based on scientific research and sufficient data support to ensure the effectiveness and adaptability of conservation measures. In the fight against climate change, adaptation and mitigation policies are equally important. Adaptation policies aim to increase the resistance and adaptive capacity of societies and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change, such as by reducing the negative impacts of climate change through improved shoreline management, enhanced ecosystem resilience, and increased public awareness. Mitigation policies focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing down the speed and extent of climate change, such as by promoting clean energy, implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, and protecting and restoring blue carbon ecosystems (such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds) to absorb carbon dioxide. These policies require not only national-level efforts, but also global consensus and coordinated action to ensure global coverage and efficiency of climate action. 4.2 Socioeconomic factors and marine ecosystem management Socioeconomic factors play a crucial role in marine ecosystem management because they directly influence the utilization of marine resources and the development of conservation strategies. Marine resources include not only rich biological diversity, but also economic resources that are vital to human society, such as fisheries, tourism, and transportation. The economic value of these resources drives global dependence on the oceans and raises the challenge of how to manage them sustainably. Sustainable management aims to ensure that current and future human activities do not harm the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems, while safeguarding economic benefits. This requires finding a balance between marine resource development and marine protection to ensure socio-economic development without sacrificing environmental health and ecosystem functions. Achieving this balance requires a comprehensive understanding of the value of marine resources, not just economic value, but also environmental and social value. Coral reefs, for example, are not only repositories of
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