International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 120-129 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 124 2.3 Ecosystem services Ecosystem services are a series of important benefits and resources provided by nature to human society and are the basis of human well-being. In marine ecosystems, these services include, but are not limited to, biological resource provision, carbon cycle regulation, water purification, and cultural and recreational values. The sustainable use of marine biological resources is key to maintaining ecological balance and ensuring long-term human well-being. As the global population grows and demand for marine resources rises, overfishing, pollution, and destruction of marine habitats threaten the diversity of marine life and the stable provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, sustainable management of marine resources has become an urgent global issue that needs to be solved. In recent years, as people's understanding of the value of ecosystem services deepens, the changing trends of ecosystem services have received widespread attention. Climate change, environmental degradation, and biodiversity loss have led to a decline in ecosystem service capabilities, which in turn affects human food security, health, and quality of life. For example, the degradation of coral reefs not only reduces fish stocks, it also weakens coastal protection and tourism revenue, directly affecting the economic well-being of coastal communities. In the face of these challenges, ecosystem restoration and protection strategies are particularly important. Ecosystem restoration includes a range of activities aimed at restoring damaged ecosystem function and diversity, such as restoring coral reefs, rebuilding coastal wetlands and reducing pollution sources. van Oppen et al. (2017) discussed enhancing coral tolerance to environmental stress through assisted evolution. These measures not only help protect biodiversity, but also enhance the ecosystem's ability to adapt to climate change and improve its ability to provide long-term services. The conservation strategy covers the development of more stringent resource management policies, raising public awareness of environmental protection and promoting international cooperation, aiming to create a more harmonious and sustainable future for nature and humans. 3 Application of Technologies and Methods in Marine Biology Research 3.1 Remote sensing and satellite monitoring technology Remote sensing and satellite monitoring technologies play an increasingly important role in global environmental and ecosystem research, especially in the study of oceans. These technologies provide a unique method to continuously monitor the physical, chemical and biological processes of the ocean on a global scale, thereby providing valuable data on the health and changing trends of marine ecosystems. Using remote sensing technology to monitor ocean temperature and biological distribution, scientists are able to track changes in seawater temperature and how these changes affect the distribution and migration patterns of marine life in near real-time conditions. Arora et al. (2019) used NOAA OISST v2 data to conduct thermal stress analysis on five major coral reef areas in India from 1982 to 2018. The results were closely related to the large-scale coral bleaching events recorded in 1998, 2010 and 2016. Klemas (2010) reviewed the utility of remote sensing technologies in monitoring coastal ecosystems such as wetlands, estuaries, and coral reefs, including the use of multispectral and hyperspectral imagers for coastal land cover mapping, and the use of thermal infrared scanners to accurately map sea surface temperatures and current charts. Although ocean acidification and its impact on biological community structure are difficult to monitor directly through remote sensing technology, related indirect methods and models are being developed and applied. By monitoring key variables of the ocean carbon cycle, such as the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide, and combining data with other ocean chemistry parameters, scientists can assess acidification trends and the impact they may have on the structure of biological communities. Although research in this area is still in its developmental stages, it demonstrates the potential of remote sensing technology in understanding marine ecosystem responses to global change. Long-term ecosystem health monitoring is another important application of remote sensing technology. By collecting and analyzing data over time on ocean color, temperature, sea ice coverage and sea level height, scientists are able to track trends in ecosystem change and identify signs of potential environmental stress and
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