International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 111-119 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 117 fragility of the deep-sea environment and its important role in global ecosystems require people to find a balance between exploration and protection. This requires not only innovation at the technical level, such as developing low-impact detection technologies and improving the efficiency of data collection, but also adjustments at the management level to formulate and implement a series of conservation measures and guiding principles for sustainable use. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) has developed a series of environmental management measures, including environmental impact assessment procedures, the establishment of protected areas, and strict monitoring of mining activities. These measures are intended to mitigate the potential impacts of deep-sea mining on ecosystems and protect the integrity of the deep-sea environment. In terms of technological innovation, some more environmentally friendly deep-sea detection and sampling technologies have emerged in recent years (Feng et al., 2022). For example, a new soft-bodied sampler can collect samples of deep-sea organisms without disturbing seafloor sediments. This sampler reduces interference to the deep-sea environment and is an important advancement in the study of deep-sea biodiversity. Strengthening research on the functions and service values of deep-sea ecosystems is another key strategy to achieve deep-sea environmental protection. By in-depth understanding of the carbon fixation, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity maintenance functions of deep-sea ecosystems, scientists can more accurately assess the potential impact of human activities on the deep-sea environment and provide scientific basis for formulating conservation strategies. 4.3 Strengthen international cooperation Strengthening international cooperation plays a vital role in deep-sea research and conservation, especially in sharing knowledge, technology and resources. A typical reference experience is Norway's international cooperation in Arctic deep sea research and protection. Norway, as a country rich in deep-sea resources and attaches great importance to marine environmental protection, its deep-sea research and protection activities in the Arctic provide a case worth learning from. The Norwegian government has jointly promoted a series of deep-sea scientific research projects and environmental protection plans in cooperation with other Arctic Council member states. These cooperative projects include investigation and research of deep-sea ecosystems, monitoring of the impact of climate change on the deep-sea environment, and protection of deep-sea biodiversity. Through this kind of transnational cooperation, participating countries share research vessels, submersibles and other expensive deep-sea exploration technologies, as well as research data and results, greatly improving research efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In jointly formulating and implementing relevant policies and management measures, Norway actively participated in the negotiations of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Conservation Agreement, which aims to coordinate the actions of Arctic countries in the protection of deep-sea biodiversity and formulated a series of protection measures. Guiding principles and specific measures for deep-sea ecosystems. This multilateral cooperation mechanism not only helps protect the fragile Arctic deep-sea environment, but also provides an important reference for the sustainable utilization of global deep-sea resources. Norway’s experience with international cooperation in deep-sea Arctic research and conservation emphasizes the importance of cross-border cooperation. This kind of cooperation can not only promote the exchange of scientific knowledge and the sharing of technology, but also form unified deep-sea environmental protection standards and policies on a global scale to jointly address the challenges brought about by deep-sea exploration and resource utilization. In the future, as deep-sea activities increase and environmental pressures rise, international cooperation will become even more critical, requiring more countries to participate in this global effort to jointly protect and sustainably utilize the deep sea, the last frontier of the earth. 5 Summary and Outlook This study comprehensively explores the discovery of new deep-sea species since the beginning of the 21st century and its impact on the understanding of biodiversity, research on deep-sea ecosystem functions, and
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