International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 102-110 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 105 Changes and losses in coastal ecosystems not only reduce biodiversity, but also weaken the ecological services provided by the ecosystem, such as reducing the natural protection capacity of the coastline, exacerbating coastal erosion and flood risks, affecting fishery resources, and reducing carbon storage. capabilities, thus exacerbating the negative impacts of climate change. The degradation of coastal ecosystems also directly affects the livelihoods and economic development of human communities that depend on these ecosystems. 2.2 Loss of biodiversity The loss of biodiversity is a severe environmental crisis currently facing the world, which refers to the reduction of biological species on the earth and the reduction of ecosystem functions. This phenomenon not only threatens the complexity and richness of life on earth, but also poses a huge challenge to human living environment and future development. Biodiversity loss is mainly caused by human activities, including habitat destruction and fragmentation, overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. Habitat destruction and fragmentation are the main causes of biodiversity loss. As population grows and economic activities expand, large amounts of natural areas are converted into farmland, cities, industrial areas, and roads, resulting in native ecosystems being destroyed or fragmented into smaller fragments. This change has seriously affected the living space of species, making it difficult for many species to maintain their populations, eventually leading to species reduction or even extinction (Henriques et al., 2024). Overexploitation of natural resources, such as overfishing, hunting and logging, is also an important cause of biodiversity loss. These activities not only directly reduce the numbers of specific species, but also disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and affect the interactions and dependencies between species. Pollution, including air, water and soil pollution, negatively affects biodiversity by changing environmental conditions. Pollutants such as heavy metals, plastic particles and chemical pesticides can poison wildlife and affect their growth, development and reproduction. Climate change, especially the rise in global temperatures and the increase in extreme weather events, is changing the living environment of living things. These changes force species to migrate, change their living habits, or face survival pressure, further exacerbating the loss of biodiversity. The introduction of invasive species is another factor contributing to biodiversity loss. Exotic species may pose competitive pressure on native species, predation or spread of diseases, and damage the structure and function of native ecosystems. 2.3 Impact of fishing industry and marine resources The fishing industry is one of the world's most important sources of food, providing nutrition and employment for billions of people. However, with population growth and advancements in fishing technology, overfishing has become one of the major factors causing significant impacts on marine resources. Overfishing has not only led to a sharp decline in some fish stocks, even to the point of extinction, it has also destroyed the balance of the marine ecosystem and has had a long-term impact on biodiversity. Overfishing has directly led to the decline of many commercially valuable fish stocks. For example, the Atlantic cod population has declined significantly due to long-term overfishing, which has seriously affected the related fishing industry. When the number of a species declines to a certain level, not only the fishing industry is affected, but the role of the species in the ecosystem will also change, possibly leading to changes in the structure of the foodweb. The impact of the fishing industry on marine ecosystems is also reflected in non-selective fishing during fishing, that is, the "by-catch" problem. Many fishing techniques, such as bottom trawling, not only capture target fish species, but also capture a large number of non-target species, including fish, turtles, seabirds and mammals. These non-target species are often discarded, causing huge losses. It wastes resources and destroys the ecological balance of the ocean.
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