International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 83-93 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 88 3.2 Impact of acidification on coral reefs Ocean acidification has a particularly severe impact on coral reef ecosystems. Coral reefs are hotspots of marine biodiversity, providing habitat for many marine species. However, the decrease in carbonate ion concentration caused by ocean acidification affects the ability of corals to use carbonate ions and calcium ions to form a calcium carbonate skeleton, thereby affecting the growth and reproduction of corals. In addition, the dual pressures of rising seawater temperatures and acidification will accelerate the occurrence of coral bleaching, leading to a reduction in coral coverage and the degradation of coral reef ecosystems. 3.3 Impact of acidification on marine biodiversity Ocean acidification affects a wide range of marine biodiversity. An ecosystem consisting of coastal habitat-forming species and the biological communities they support, including habitat complexity, species richness, and coverage. Ecosystem functions involve biodiversity, productivity and nutrient cycling (Figure 4). Based on observations of natural gradients at CO2 leak sites, biologically constructed habitats are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification. Calcifying organisms in the ocean, such as shellfish, certain plankton, and some seaweeds, have their calcification processes negatively affected by acidification, affecting these organisms. survival and reproduction (Hall-Spencer et al., 2019). Acidification changes the structure and function of ocean food webs and affects marine ecosystem services, such as the reduction of fishery resources and the decline of ocean carbon sink capacity. In addition, acidification may also affect the behavior and physiological functions of marine organisms, such as changes in predatory behavior and reduced reproductive capacity. Figure 4 Ecosystem attributes, functions and services provided by coastal habitat-forming species and the biological communities they support Ocean acidification is a global problem under climate change and poses a serious threat to the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems. Faced with this challenge, effective global and regional responses are crucial. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring key ecosystems such as coral reefs, and strengthening scientific research and monitoring to better understand the impacts of ocean acidification and the response mechanisms. In the future, through international cooperation and the implementation of comprehensive management strategies, we are expected to slow down or even alleviate the negative effects of ocean acidification and provide effective strategies and solutions for the protection of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of marine resources. 4 Exploration of Comprehensive Management Strategies In the face of global marine environmental challenges, the exploration of comprehensive management strategies has become a key way to achieve healthy recovery and sustainable development of the ocean. This section delves into the development and implementation of comprehensive governance strategies, the advancement of scientific research, and the importance of policy and management action.
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