International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 83-93 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 87 Figure 3 Ecosystem impacts of marine plastics on biota (Beaumont et al., 2019) 2.3 Countermeasures and challenges Faced with the increasingly serious problem of marine pollution, the international community has taken a series of measures to reduce the discharge of pollutants and try to restore the health of the marine environment. In 2019, Beaumont et al. (2019) analyzed the global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic pollution and proposed countermeasures and policy recommendations to reduce the impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems, emphasizing the reduction of plastic production and use, improvement waste management systems, and the importance of public education and awareness-raising. In 2020, Abalansa et al. (2020) analyzed the problem of marine plastic waste pollution, using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to assess the causes of pollution in the context of Descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategic Framework Directive and the Good Environmental State, effects and management measures, and suggests that an interdisciplinary approach is needed to address marine plastic pollution. These measures include but are not limited to: strengthening international cooperation and formulating a global agreement on marine pollution prevention and control; promoting plastic recycling and reuse to reduce the generation of plastic waste; developing and applying environmentally friendly materials to replace disposable plastic products. In addition, it is also crucial to promote scientific and technological innovation and seek new methods and technologies in pollution monitoring, pollutant treatment, and ecological restoration. 3 The Process and Impact of Ocean Acidification Ocean acidification is a complex process driven by multiple factors, which has widespread impacts on marine ecosystems and human society. It also has potential negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health. Therefore, adaptation and mitigation strategies are important in addressing the challenge of ocean acidification. 3.1 The process of ocean acidification CO2 in the atmosphere dissolves into seawater, causing the acidity of seawater to increase. With the increase in human activities since the Industrial Revolution, large amounts of carbon dioxide have been emitted into the atmosphere, and some of the carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the oceans. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which is then decomposed into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, resulting in a decrease in the pH value of seawater, known as ocean acidification. Ocean acidification affects the quality and quantity of marine biological resources, thereby affecting human nutritional status, respiratory problems, mental health, and medical resource development (Falkenberg et al., 2020). The ocean has long been considered a natural “buffer” against increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, but the occurrence of ocean acidification shows that the ocean's ability to regulate is being threatened.
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