International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 83-93 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 85 1.3 Increase in extreme weather events Climate change leads to an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which has profound impacts on marine biodiversity and human activities. The study by Babcock et al. (2019) in "Frontiers in Marine Science" reviewed the impact of extreme climate events (ECEs) that occurred on nearly 45% of Australia's continental coastlines from 2011 to 2017 on major marine habitat-forming species (corals, kelp, seagrass and mangroves). The temperature anomaly map at the top of the image below shows sea surface temperature anomalies (increases relative to monthly mean temperatures) during each extreme climate event between 1993 and 2014. Each panel (AE) marks the affected habitat type and the type of extreme events causing the impact (such as marine heat waves, tropical cyclones, floods, etc.) (Figure 2). For humans, extreme weather not only causes economic losses, but may also trigger shortages of food and water resources, exacerbating social problems. In the long term, the increase in extreme weather events will also affect the carbon cycle and thermal cycle of the ocean, further affecting the global climate system. The impact of climate change on the ocean is multifaceted, and its indirect and direct impacts are not only related to the health of the marine ecosystem, but also to the sustainable development of human society. Therefore, in the face of this global challenge, it is our common responsibility and mission to adopt effective comprehensive management strategies, strengthen international cooperation, raise public awareness, and promote scientific and technological innovation. Figure 1 Characteristics of MHW from 1981 to 2017 (Frölicher et al., 2018) Note: (A, B and C) Duration (A), peak temperature anomaly (B) and cumulative intensity (C) of the 300 largest heat waves that occurred globally between September 1981 and December 2017; each bar Figure represents a spatiotemporal heat wave, which is defined as a spatiotemporally continuous region in which each grid cell exhibits daily temperature anomalies above the 99.5th percentile (Materials and Methods) Bars on the map corresponding to numbered heatwaves Mark with red
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