International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 83-93 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 84 The proposal and implementation of comprehensive management strategies are one of the key ways to achieve the goals of the “Decade of Marine Science”. Faced with the conflicts of interest that often occur between economic activities and nature conservation, an integrated approach is needed that spans the various epistemological boundaries between science, policy and society, as well as those set by different management approaches (Rölfer et al., 2021). These strategies not only include the deepening of scientific research and the application of technological innovation, but also cover many aspects such as policy formulation, regulatory construction, public education, and international cooperation. By comprehensively applying these means, we aim to build a diversified marine management framework based on science, policy-oriented, and supported by public participation to effectively respond to the challenges brought about by changes in the marine environment. Focusing on the framework of the “Decade of Ocean Science”, this study deeply explores the impact of climate change, ocean pollution and acidification on ocean health, as well as the necessity and application of comprehensive management strategies in the face of these problems. Through case analysis and strategy evaluation, it aims to provide a set of effective solutions to marine environmental problems and contribute to the restoration and sustainable development of global ocean health. This research not only has important academic value, but also has far-reaching significance for global ocean governance practices, and is expected to provide important reference and inspiration for future marine scientific research and policy formulation. 1 Impact of Climate Change on Oceans The rise in ocean temperatures caused by global warming has had a significant impact on marine ecosystems, including the growth, reproduction, distribution and biodiversity of marine life. With the increase in global greenhouse gas emissions, climate change has had a profound impact on the ocean. These impacts are not only reflected in changes in marine ecosystems, but also directly or indirectly affect all aspects of human society. 1.1 Rising ocean temperatures The rise in ocean temperatures caused by global warming has had a significant impact on marine ecosystems. Frölicher et al. (2018) used satellite observation data and a series of Earth system model simulations to demonstrate marine heat waves (MHWs) from 1981 to 2017 (Figure 1). In recent years, marine heat waves have become longer, more frequent, more widespread, and more intense. And this trend will accelerate under further global warming. The study predicts that the number of days with MHWs will increase by 16 and 23 times under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C global warming scenarios, respectively. These changes can have significant impacts on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, biodiversity, community composition, and functional diversity were affected in natural communities after one month of exposure to regular, elevated constant and diurnal temperature regimes. The research results of Vafeiadou et al. (2018) showed that tropical nematode communities are more tolerant to constant temperature increases than fluctuating temperature regimes, while temperate communities are equally sensitive to both conditions. What's more serious is that the increase in ocean temperature also affects the solubility of oxygen in the ocean, leading to the expansion of low-oxygen areas, which poses a great challenge to the survival of deep-sea organisms. 1.2 Sea level rise Global warming causes polar ice caps to melt, which is one of the main causes of sea level rise. Sea level rise is one of the most devastating impacts of climate change, leading to the loss of coastal wetlands, increased coastal flooding, degradation of coastal ecosystems, and a general decline in quality of life. Sea level rise is related to processes such as glacier activity, ice cap melting, and thermal expansion of seawater, all of which are complexly linked to global temperature changes (Chang et al., 2015). The phenomenon of rising mean sea levels can be attributed to various anthropogenic activities (anthropogenic factors) ranging from deforestation to burning of fossil fuels and increasing population. The effects of rising sea levels have resulted in the loss of agricultural land, damage to transportation infrastructure, land erosion in coastal areas, and the death of some aquatic animals due to saltwater intrusion (Isiaka et al., 2022), posing a threat to the safety of human life and property.
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