International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 57-65 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 62 extremely low temperature environments. Many fish living in Antarctic waters, such as Antarctic icefish, contain a special antifreeze protein that prevents their body fluids from freezing when they are below freezing. Antifreeze proteins allow these fish to survive in extremely cold waters without freezing to death by lowering the freezing point of body fluids. Water stress is another common environmental challenge, especially for terrestrial plants and some terrestrial animals. Facing drought conditions, plants adapt by closing stomata to reduce water evaporation, increasing the water absorption capacity of roots, and accumulating osmotic adjustment substances such as proline to maintain intracellular water. Animals may reduce water loss by changing behavioral patterns, such as choosing a cool place to rest, or by physiological adjustments such as increasing the kidney's ability to reabsorb water. Eels display amazing physiological adaptability when it comes to salinity regulation. Eels need to migrate between freshwater and saltwater environments during their life cycle. In order to adapt to this environmental change, eels are able to adjust the osmotic pressure in their bodies and maintain the balance of salt and water in their bodies by changing the function of their kidneys and adjusting the activity of ion transport proteins in their bodies. Changes in oxygen concentration also require organisms to have corresponding physiological adaptation mechanisms. For example, animals at high altitudes may have higher hemoglobin affinity or more red blood cells to increase the efficiency of oxygen carrying and utilization in low-oxygen environments. Aquatic animals adapt to water environments with lower oxygen content by improving their respiratory organs, such as increasing the surface area of their gills. 3.3 Adjustment of breeding strategies Facing the challenges posed by climate change, marine organisms adapt to new environmental conditions by adjusting their reproductive strategies to ensure that their offspring can survive in the changing environment. These adjustments are manifested in reproductive time, breeding location, and reproductive behavior, demonstrating the flexible response of organisms to environmental changes during the evolution process. As global temperatures rise and seasonal rhythms in ecosystems change, many marine birds adjust their breeding seasons to ensure that chicks hatch during times when food resources are most abundant. For example, black-footed albatrosses begin their breeding season earlier due to rising ocean temperatures to adapt to changes in food availability. Another example is the Atlantic herring, a fish that has also shown adaptation to environmental changes during reproduction. Research has found that Atlantic herring adjust their spawning locations and depths according to changes in ocean temperatures to find the most suitable temperature conditions for the growth of young fish. This behavioral adaptation strategy not only helps to improve reproductive success, but also ensures that juvenile fish can obtain sufficient food resources during the critical growth stage (Arevalo et al., 2021). 4 Human Intervention and Protection Measures 4.1 Establishment and management of marine protected areas The establishment and management of marine protected areas is an important aspect of global marine conservation efforts, aiming to protect and restore the health, diversity and productivity of marine ecosystems. By restricting or prohibiting certain activities within designated areas, marine protected areas provide a relatively less disturbed environment for marine life, helping to protect threatened species and ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds and Deep sea environment (Kelly and Griffiths, 2021). The establishment of marine protected areas is usually based on scientific research and ecological data and involves consultations with a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, scientific research institutions, conservation organizations, fisheries departments and local communities. When selecting areas for protection, factors to consider include the richness of biodiversity, the presence of endemic species, the importance of the ecosystem, and the level of threats faced. The process of establishing a marine protected area also involves
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