International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 57-65 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 58 This study integrates existing scientific research to explore the diverse adaptation strategies of marine organisms in the face of climate change stress, evaluates the effectiveness of these strategies, and discusses human roles and responsibilities in promoting adaptive management of marine ecosystems. Through this work, we hope to provide new insights and directions for global ocean conservation efforts and promote long-term sustainable management and protection of marine ecosystems. 1 The Impact of Climate Change on the Marine Environment 1.1 Phenomena and consequences of rising sea temperatures The rise in sea temperature is one of the most significant phenomena under global climate change. The reason is mainly attributed to the continuous increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which leads to an increase in solar radiation absorbed by the earth's surface, thereby causing an increase in the global average temperature. As the largest heat absorber on the earth's surface, the ocean bears the main burden of the increase in heat caused by excess greenhouse gases, resulting in a general rise in seawater temperatures. This phenomenon is not only limited to surface water bodies, but also affects the deep sea, changing the thermal structure and circulation pattern of the ocean (Dewitte et al., 2021). The consequences of rising sea temperatures are manifold, and it has a profound impact on marine ecosystems. Coral reefs, as hotspots of marine biodiversity, are very sensitive to temperature. Rising sea temperatures have led to large-scale coral bleaching, which in turn affects many marine species that rely on coral reef ecosystems. Rising temperatures have also affected the distribution of marine species, with many species beginning to migrate to cooler waters, including commercial fishing stocks, which has had an impact on global fishery resources. Rising sea temperatures also affect the global climate system, particularly the exchange of energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. Heated oceans release more water vapor into the atmosphere, increasing the intensity of the global water cycle and leading to an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall. This not only affects human society and natural ecosystems, but also puts pressure on ocean edge ecological environments such as estuaries and beach ecosystems. 1.2 Impact of sea level rise on coastal ecosystems Sea level rise is one of the most devastating consequences of global climate change, with profound effects on coastal ecosystems. As global temperatures rise, polar ice caps and mountain glaciers melt faster, and ocean water expands as temperatures rise, driving continued sea level rise. This phenomenon not only threatens the safety and economic activities of coastal human communities, but also has serious negative impacts on natural ecosystems. Ecosystems such as coastal wetlands and mangroves are extremely important for maintaining biodiversity and providing ecological services, but they are facing habitat loss caused by rising sea levels. With seawater erosion and saltwater intrusion, the species composition and productivity of these ecosystems are changing, causing endemic biological populations to be threatened and ecosystem functions to decline. Mangroves, in particular, are not only important habitats for many fish and wildlife, but also effectively absorb carbon dioxide and slow down climate change. However, rising sea levels limit their ability to expand inland because human activities have occupied potential migration zones (Wang, 2021). Rising sea levels also lead to increased coastal erosion and the retreat of beaches and coastlines, which not only affects the structure and function of coastal ecosystems, but also destroys important natural protective barriers, making coastal areas more vulnerable to storms and tsunamis. Rising sea levels are also changing groundwater systems in coastal areas, with saltwater intrusion threatening freshwater resources and further exacerbating the vulnerability of coastal communities and ecosystems. 1.3 Ocean acidification and its impact on the calcification process of marine organisms Ocean acidification is a process in which a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere increases, dissolves into seawater and forms carbonic acid, leading to a decrease in the pH value of seawater and affecting the chemical equilibrium state of the ocean (Li et al., 2020). This phenomenon has become increasingly severe in the past few decades, with profound impacts on marine ecosystems, especially those that rely on calcification
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