International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 40-50 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 43 1.3 The ongoing problem of overfishing As the global population grows and seafood consumption rises, overfishing has become one of the main threats to marine biodiversity. Research by Dulvy et al. (2021) shows that globally, about one-third of shark and ray species are facing extinction due to overfishing. This increase in fishing rates significantly increases global species extinction risks and requires immediate action to avoid further extinctions and protect food security and ecosystem functions. Global fishing production has reached its limit, and many species are overfished. There is an urgent need to change fishing patterns to reduce the pressure on overfished species (Zhou et al., 2015). The above-mentioned studies show that overfishing not only leads to a sharp decline in the number of specific fish species, but also destroys the structure and function of marine ecosystems, affecting the reproduction and survival of marine life. In addition, some destructive fishing techniques, such as bottom trawling, have caused serious damage to the seabed ecology, destroyed the habitats of marine life, and reduced the recovery capacity of the marine ecosystem. 1.4 Comprehensive influence of other factors In addition to the above factors, seabed mining, offshore oil and gas development, noise pollution from shipping activities, and over-development of coastal areas also put pressure on marine ecosystems. These activities not only destroy the natural habitats of marine life, but also interfere with their normal living habits and migration routes, exacerbating the loss of biodiversity. In the face of these challenges, global cooperation and action have become particularly important. Strengthening scientific research, promoting technological innovation, and formulating effective policies and management measures are the keys to reversing the decline of ocean health and achieving sustainable development of the ocean. Through international cooperation to strengthen the establishment and management of marine protected areas, limit pollutant emissions, implement sustainable fisheries management measures, and raise public awareness of the importance of marine protection, we can work together to protect this planet's precious blue assets. 2 Framework and Goals of The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science Faced with the severe challenge of the continued decline in global ocean health, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) under UNESCO launched the "United Nations Decade of Ocean Science" (2021~2030), aiming to promote scientific research and technological innovation. Sustainable development of the ocean and contribute to the realization of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals on water for life (SDG 14). This global initiative emphasizes the key role of scientific research and technological progress in protecting the marine environment and ensuring the sustainable use of marine resources. 2.1 Background of the launch of the Ocean Decade The “Ocean Decade” is based on a deep understanding of the current deterioration trend of the marine environment and a high emphasis on the role of marine science in addressing global challenges. As mentioned in the study of Ryabinin et al. (2019), “The ocean we need for the future we want” is the slogan proposed by the UNESCO Oceanographic Commission (IOC) to the United Nations to consider a decade of ocean science. This initiative provides the oceanographic community with a unique opportunity to transform the way we work and make oceanography more relevant for the purpose of effectively supporting sustainable development. The Ocean Decade represents a true ecosystem modeling challenge that aims to protect people from ocean hazards and provide food and resources by identifying and removing pollution sources, mapping and protecting ocean ecosystems, understanding current and future ocean conditions, and protecting people from ocean hazards. and providing citizens with equitable access to data, information, and technology to achieve clean, healthy, and resilient oceans (Heymans et al., 2020). The global ocean is facing a series of problems such as climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. These problems not only threaten the health and stability of marine ecosystems, but also affect the sustainable development of the global economy and human well-being. Therefore , the United Nations proposed this ten-year action plan, hoping to promote marine scientific research and technological innovation by strengthening international cooperation, provide support for solving marine problems, protect marine ecosystems, and achieve sustainable use of marine resources (Caruso et al., 2022).
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