International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 14-20 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 19 affecting the entry of nutrients into the cells, which may lead to limited nutrient uptake by coral and affect its growth and metabolism. A portion of coral's energy comes from symbiotic algae (called coralline algae), which produce organic matter through photosynthesis. However, ocean acidification may affect the photosynthetic efficiency of coral algae. Coral algae are subjected to stress in acidic environments, which may lead to weakened photosynthesis and a decrease in the quality of nutrients provided to corals. Corals require more energy to maintain normal physiological functions and cope with environmental pressures. This may lead to an increase in coral's metabolic rate, making it more prone to energy deficiency and growth limitations. Corals require additional energy consumption and increase their sensitivity to other stress factors. 4 Summary and Outlook Ocean acidification has had a profound impact on the calcification process, survival and reproductive ability of corals, as well as the diversity and stability of ecosystems. Despite some research results on the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs (Suman et al., 2023), there are still many aspects that need further exploration. Australia is one of the largest coral reef systems in the world, with the famous Great Barrier Reef (Figure 5). In order to protect and maintain the ecosystem of the Great Barrier Reef, the Australian government has taken multiple conservation measures. In 1981, the Australian government established the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which is one of the largest marine parks in the world with an area of approximately 345 400 km2. There are various protection and management areas within the Ocean Park to protect coral reefs and their ecosystems. The management agency of Ocean Park is responsible for monitoring and managing activities within the park to ensure its sustainable development. Figure 5 Australia's Great Barrier Reef In order to protect marine life in the coral reef ecosystem, the Australian government has restricted fishing and hunting activities in the waters surrounding the Great Barrier Reef. This includes measures such as establishing prohibited fishing areas, limiting fishing quantities and methods, and implementing fishery quota management (Allemand and Osborn, 2019) to maintain the sustainable utilization of fishery resources. By managing agricultural and urban sewage discharge, controlling the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Helps to reduce the input of agricultural and urban pollutants into the ocean. Helps to reduce the concentration of nutrients in water bodies and reduce the risk of stress and eutrophication on coral reefs. Actively promote coral regeneration and restoration projects to increase coral coverage and diversity. For example, projects such as coral seedling cultivation, establishment of artificial skeletons, and transplantation of coral fragments. Through these efforts, the growth and reproduction of coral can be promoted, and the resilience of coral reefs can be increased.
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