International Journal of Marine Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 6-13 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ijms 12 Overfishing can also reduce the number of many species in the ocean and alter population structure, further impacting the composition and interactions of surface floating biological communities. Overfishing activities can reduce the numbers of predators for certain planktonic organisms, causing some plankton populations to grow rapidly and creating an imbalance in the ecosystem. The instability of marine ecosystems is also related to human activities that cause ocean eutrophication. The input of a large amount of nutrients causes a rapid increase in the number of toxic phytoplankton. For example, the excessive nutrition of nitrogen and phosphorus elements leads to the outbreak of toxic algae, which can release toxic compounds and cause harm to other plankton and marine animals. They can also compete for food and light resources, alter plankton population structures and interactions, and, in severe cases, lead to the formation of dead zones and the shortening of the lifespan of the marine environment, with significant consequences for surface floating biological and the entire ecosystem. 4 Ecological Functions and Services of Surface Floating Biological Communities in the Marine Environment Surface floating biological communities play an indispensable role in marine ecosystems, providing a wide range of ecological functions and ecosystem services, and playing a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems. Many surface floating biological, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton, are capable of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy and absorbing carbon dioxide for carbon fixation. These organisms sequester significant amounts of carbon dioxide, making important contributions to the carbon cycling and carbon reservoirs within the marine system (Ding et al., 2010). This helps mitigate global warming and climate change (Lewandowska et al., 2014). Surface floating biological communities serve as a vital foundation for marine food webs. Phytoplankton, as primary producers in the food web, provide energy and nutrients to other organisms. Zooplankton, in turn, serve as the primary food source for various organisms, including fish and marine mammals, helping to transfer energy to higher trophic levels. Additionally, surface floating biological contribute to the marine ecosystem by generating oxygen through photosynthesis. They actively participate in the nitrogen and phosphorus cycling processes in the ocean, absorbing and utilizing dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, converting them into biologically available forms. This process supplies a significant source of oxygen to the marine environment. The richness and diversity of surface floating biological communities play a crucial role in maintaining nutrient balance and material cycling in marine ecosystems, directly influencing the structure and stability of the entire marine food web. Some planktonic organisms within surface floating biological communities have the capability to ingest and decompose organic waste. By studying and monitoring these communities, they can serve as ecological indicators for assessing the health of marine ecosystems and environmental quality. These organisms play a crucial role in removing organic waste from the ocean, including plant debris, animal carcasses, and toxic substances, preventing the accumulation of these wastes and their negative impact on ecosystems. The composition and structure of surface floating biological communities are highly sensitive to changes in the marine environment, making them valuable sources of information about the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems. This information provides a scientific basis for marine conservation and management efforts. 5Summary This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the seasonal variations in surface floating biological communities and explores the factors that may influence these changes. The study reveals a close relationship between seasonal variations and several environmental factors. These environmental factors have a significant impact on the composition and abundance of surface floating biological communities during different seasons. However, it is important to note that there are complex interactions among these factors, and their effects may vary in different geographical regions and marine environments. Marine planktonic communities are the core components of the marine food web, playing a crucial role in energy and material conversion. By studying the structure, composition, and function of plankton communities, it is
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