International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 266-274 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 268 It is allowed to age up to 20 months (Amagase et al., 2001). During this process, the odorous, harsh, and irritating garlic compounds are naturally converted into stable and safe sulfur compounds (Amagase et al., 2001). AGE mainly contains watersoluble components such as SAC and SAMC and also contains stable fat-soluble allyl sulfdes, favonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, and other essential nutrients (López, 2007). All these presentations in which we can fnd garlic have been used in aquaculture. For instance, Metwally (2009) used garlic diets in their diferent presentations (natural, oil, and powder), concluding that adding garlic in any presentation to the diet improved the growth rate, decreased mortality rate, and increased antioxidant activity in fsh. On the other hand, Prieto et al. (2005) suggest that the most efective presentation is fresh crushed garlic. The presence of sulfur atoms in the molecules, both in the fat-soluble fraction (alein) and in the water-soluble one (allicin), is known to be fungicidal and bactericidal. This presentation has been used as a fungicide against Saprolegnia parasitica in doses of 200 mL/L, having efectiveness of 100%. By contrast, when subjected to a process such as dehydration, its efectiveness drops to 80%. This can be explained by the loss of garlic ingredients when exposed to any process (Amagase et al., 2001; Subramanian et al., 2020). Abd El-Galil and Aboelhadid (2012) reported that the application of garlic oil and freshly crushed garlic cloves in the treatment of trichodiniasis and gyrodactylosis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is efective for use in hatcheries and are promising treatments for feld application. The efcacy of freshly crushed garlic compared to other presentations is due to the interaction of the alliin compound and the allinase enzyme that results in the formation of the allicin compound (Gökalp, 2018), which, as mentioned above, is an active agent against parasites (Ankri and Mirelman, 1999; Reverter et al., 2017). Furthermore, it can penetrate living tis - sue, which has implications for its potent and pro - longed efect (Miron et al., 2000) (Table 2). 2.2 Garlic bioactivity in aquaculture 2.2.1 Growth promoter The inclusion of garlic in fish feed can also infuence growth performance due to organosulfur compounds such as allicin, which is a potent stimulant for the “smell” or chemoreception of most aquatic animals, which increases the intake of food in fsh and crustaceans (Lee, 2012). The efect on growth performance from the incorporation of garlic in food has been tested in diferent aquatic species. Aly and Atti (2008) fed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with a diet supplemented with garlic (10 and 20 g kg−1 diet) for 2 months and reported increases in the survival rate, quality, and shelf life of tilapia. Thanikachalam et al., (2010) fed catfsh fry (Clarias gariepinus) with diets containing diferent concentrations of garlic husk powder (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) for 20 days, reporting higher survival rates in all groups consuming garlic peel. Manoppo Gpeogoc et al., (2016) used diets with granules containing garlic as an ingredient for feeding the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for 1 month, documenting a signifcant efect in the growth compared to the control without garlic. Etyemez Büyükdeveci et al., (2018) studied the impact of using diets with garlic extract to feed the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), fnding that the weight gain and the specifc growth rate of the fsh were signifcantly improved when the fsh consumed the diets containing garlic. Dong Hon Le (2020) examined the garlic as a growth promoter of juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) in 10 weeks only and he suggested that dietary garlic extract could improve growth and feed utilization of juvenile sterlet sturgeons. Microencapsulated garlic enhanced the growth performance in in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchx mykiss). 2.2.2 Nutrition utilization In Egypt, they examined the using of garlic in expirement group fed on the diet supplemented with dried garlic (5 g/kg) recorded significantly the best feed conversion ratio; protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value; while the control group recorded the worst value of the tested feed utilization parameter Abdel-Hakim (2010). the supplementation of garlic powder (1%~1.5%) increased the feed utilization and the survival of red tilapia (Hossain et al., 2014). Feed utilization parameters as food intake showed the best result at 2% of dry garlic, food conversion rate parameter was the best at 3% garlic and lastly feed efficiency rate parameter showed the best result at 3% of dry garlic Ajiboye (2016). Moreover, dietary garlic extracts improved growth performance and feed utilization, improved dietary glucose utilization by stimulating insulin secretion, consequently improving fish body quality and feed efficiency of juvenile and fingerling Sterlet Sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus (Lee et al., 2012; Hossain et al., 2014).
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