International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 208-220 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 215 clean. Fresh water chestnuts have a hard outer skin and a slightly bitter taste. They usually need to be peeled before consuming and storing. In recent years, water chestnut mechanical peeling machines have been developed. There are two main types: one is a roller brush peeling machine, which uses a roller lined with a bristle brush on the inner wall to brush off the skin of the water chestnut. In order to meet the market's requirements for the uniformity of water chestnut size, it must be graded according to the horizontal diameter of the bulb after harvest. Traditionally, hole screens or artificial visual measurements are divided into three levels: large, medium and small. Currently, rolling bar-type grader is promoted. The spacing between a set of parallel rollers gradually increases. During the rolling process, the small water chestnuts fall first, and then the large water chestnuts are discharged to the end. The equipment can be divided into several tons of water chestnuts per hour, with a grading accuracy of more than 90%. After classification, water chestnuts are packaged according to sales needs. For example, fresh water chestnuts are mostly sold in woven bags or plastic frames, while exports and supermarkets often use small vacuum plastic packaging, with 5 to 10 pieces per bag and filled with fresh air conditioning, which can extend the shelf life. Figure 1 (A) Four developmental stages of corms of cultivated (‘Xuanci’)/wild accessions (S1: initial swelling stage; S2: middle swelling stage; S3: late swelling stage and S4: maturity stage) used for RNA sequencing. (B) Principal components analysis (PCA) of the transcriptomes of all samples. (C) Numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cultivated and wild corms. (D) Changes in gene expression in terms of four reaction norms for cultivar (‘Xuanci’) at the four stages (S1 to S4) (Adopted from Chen et al., 2024)
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