International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 37-44 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 39 3 Advances in Cultivation Techniques 3.1 Soil and water management If you want to plant lotus roots well, the management of soil and water is particularly important. Lotus is aquatic plant and likes to grow vigorously in a watery environment. The water level must be controlled well, not too high or too low. Too much water may cause damage to the roots, and too little water is not conducive to growth. Keep the water level stable and allow enough oxygen to the roots so that lotus roots can grow well and not easily get sick (the soil must also be nutritious) (Sun and Qian, 2024). 3.2 Planting methods and density optimization When planting, pay attention to the method and density. If planted too densely, the lotus root will not grow; if it is too thin, it will be a waste of land. Adjusting the planting density can help farmers increase their yields. Research has found that the growth of lotus roots is related to many factors, such as which variety is used, lighting conditions, growth stage of the material, etc. (Huang, 2011; Minh et al., 2019). These factors can also be used to guide field planting. Choosing the right variety and adjusting the planting distance according to the situation can make the yield higher and the management more convenient. 3.3 Pest and disease management Lotus roots are prone to illness during planting, especially the rotten rhizomes, which is a common problem. This disease is mostly caused by Fusarium, such as Fusarium asteroids and other Fusariums, which are common pathogens. Now, new technologies can help us discover these bacteria faster. For example, a molecular detection method called LAMP can quickly determine whether there are bacteria on the ground (Lan and Liao, 2008; Karthika et al., 2023). If you find it early, you can start dealing with it earlier. You can use medicine accurately to avoid the spread of diseases and reduce the loss of lotus roots. Using this detection method can also help farmers better manage pests and diseases, protect crop health, and improve harvests. 4 Post-Harvest Handling and Processing 4.1 Harvesting techniques When harvesting lotus roots, the method is very important. If the method is used well, it can ensure that the harvested lotus roots are of good quality and are not easy to break. Some diseases, such as decay caused by Fusarium, can affect the harvest. There is now a new technology called LAMP detection, which can quickly check whether lotus roots are sick in the field (Deng et al., 2021). If discovered early, you can deal with it early to prevent the spread of diseases, reduce losses, and ensure healthy harvest. 4.2 Storage and preservation After the lotus root is dug out, the storage process is also very important. If the method is wrong, lotus roots may easily change color, such as browning, which will affect their appearance and price. The study found that wrapping it with anti-browning solution can greatly reduce discoloration during storage and transportation. There is also scientific basis behind this technology. Researchers have found key points to control browning by analyzing the genetic changes of lotus roots (Worarad et al., 2021). 4.3 Value-added processing 4.3.1 Processing into food products and nutritional supplements Lotus root is rich in nutrition and good for the body, so many people now process it into food or nutritional supplements. Callus induction techniques used in the study can enrich the nutrients in lotus roots, which is very helpful in developing high-quality nutritional products (Li et al., 2022). 4.3.2 Industrial applications of lotus rhizome extracts Lotus root can not only be eaten, but also extract useful compounds. These extracts can be used in the industry, especially in the production of natural ingredients that have active effects. By using efficient tissue culture methods, these useful ingredients, such as substances such as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, can be better studied and extracted in pharmaceuticals or health products (Li et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2023).
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