International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 37-44 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 38 of many Asian countries. It is rich in nutrients, has many methods and is loved by people. As people's demand for healthy foods and convenient ingredients increases, global interest in lotus roots is also rising. This growth trend has led more people to focus on how to improve planting technology so that yields can keep up with market demand (Karthika et al., 2023). 2.2 Traditional cultivation practices and their limitations In the past, planting lotus roots was basically manual operation, and it took a lot of effort from planting to harvesting. This method relies on the experience of farmers and is particularly sensitive to the weather and environment, so the yield and quality are not very stable. Another big problem is that disease prevention and control is not very good. For example, the rhizome rot caused by "Fusarium" can easily cause a large piece of lotus root to reduce production or even rot, and in severe cases it will lose a lot of money (Min et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2022). 2.3 Recent innovations and technological adoption Now, scientists and farmers have begun to try new ways to improve the efficiency of lotus root planting. A technology called "cause induction" can help lotus roots grow better and increase the yield of nutrients in their body. People have found that it is more suitable to use cotyledons or embryos when lotus seeds are not yet mature, especially embryos 9 to 18 days after fertilization, which has the best effect. These materials are easily grown after being placed in a culture medium containing a growth regulator (Figure 1) (Deng et al., 2020). In addition, there is a molecular detection technology called LAMP, which is now used to quickly discover bacteria at the roots of lotus roots, such as Fusarium apicus. This detection method can detect problems early, facilitate timely handling, and reduce losses caused by diseases (Deng et al., 2021). There are also many new methods for post-harvest treatment. For example, using a liquid that is anti-browning can prevent lotus root from discoloring during storage and transportation, thereby maintaining its freshness and appearance. This approach also helps to extend shelf life and improve market value (Worarad et al., 2021). Figure 1 Regeneration of aseptic lotus seedlings for callus induction in lotus genotype “WBG_S1” (Adopted from Deng et al., 2020) Image caption: (A) Stored mature lotus seeds with part of episperm removed. (B) Embryos taken from mature lotus seeds. (C) An example of mature embryos that died during culture. (D) Immature seeds at 15 days after pollination. (E) Immature embryos taken from lotus seeds 15 days after pollination. (F) Aseptic seedlings developed from immature embryo cultures. (G-I) Callus induced from leaf sections, epicotyl-petile complex sections and epicotyl sections of aseptic seedlings respectively. Bars indicate the length of 1 cm (Adopted from Deng et al., 2020)
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