International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 21-28 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 27 should be established in the future, unified genetic resource evaluation standards should be formulated, and talent and technology exchanges should be strengthened to provide a solid scientific foundation for global tilapia breeding. 7.3 Long-term development goals of genetic breeding of tilapia The long-term development goals of genetic breeding of tilapia should focus on three main aspects: continuous optimization of varieties, improvement of environmental adaptability and improvement of breeding benefits: it is necessary to ensure the protection of genetic diversity and prevent excessive selection from leading to the singleization of the gene bank; the long-term goals should also focus on the improvement of the comprehensive traits of varieties, such as simultaneously improving growth rate, disease resistance, nutritional value and tolerance to extreme environments; while achieving genetic breeding goals, we should also pay attention to the impact of breeding on the ecological environment to avoid ecological risks caused by blind pursuit of economic interests. The future genetic breeding strategy should be more comprehensive and sustainable, and the healthy development of the tilapia industry should be achieved through technological innovation and reasonable planning. Acknowledgements The author is very grateful to Wang F. for reading and also to thank the two peer reviewers for their suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author confirms that the study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships and could be interpreted as a potential conflict of interest. References Angienda P.O., Lee H.J., Elmer K.R., Abila R., Waindi E.N., and Meyer A., 2011, Genetic structure and gene flow in an endangered native tilapia fish (Oreochromis esculentus) compared to invasive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Yala swamp, East Africa, Conservation Genetics, 12: 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0136-2 Barluenga M., Stölting K.N., Salzburger W., Muschick M., and Meyer A., 2006, Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish, Nature, 439(7077): 719-723. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04325 Barría A., Peñaloza C., Papadopoulou A., Mahmuddin M., Doeschl-Wilson A., Benzie J.A.H., Houston R.D., and Wiener P., 2023, Genetic differentiation following recent domestication events: a study of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) populations, Evolutionary Applications, 16(6): 1220-1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13560 Cádiz M.I., Lopez M.E., Diaz-Dominguez D., Cáceres G., Yoshida G.M., Gomez-Uchida D., and Yáñez J.M., 2020, Whole genome re-sequencing reveals recent signatures of selection in three strains of farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Scientific Reports, 10(1): 11514. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68064-5 Yue G.H., Ma K.Y., and Xia J.H., 2023, Status of conventional and molecular breeding of salinity-tolerant tilapia, Aquacture, 16(1): 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12838 Jiang B.J., Fu J.J., Zhu W.B., Wang L.M., Fang M., and Dong Z.J., 2019, Genetic variation analysis of seven tilapia populations based on COI gene, Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 28(6): 827-834. Khaw H.L., Ponzoni R.W., and Danting M.J.C., 2008, Estimation of genetic change in the GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by comparing contemporary progeny produced by males born in 1991 or in 2003, Aquaculture, 275(1-4): 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.022 Mwanja W.W., Kaufman L., and Fuerst P.A., 2010, Comparison of the genetic and ecological diversity of the native to the introduced tilapiines (Pisces: Cichlidae), and their population structures in the Lake Victoria region, East Africa, Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 13(4): 442-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2010.527268 Nayfa M.G., Jones D.B., Benzie J.A.H., Jerry D.R., and Zenger K.R., 2020, Comparing genomic signatures of selection between the Abbassa strain and eight wild populations of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Egypt, Frontiers in Genetics, 11: 567969. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.567969 Nyingi D.W., Vos L.D., Aman R., and Agnèse J.F., 2009, Genetic characterization of an unknown and endangered native population of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cichlidae; Teleostei) in the Loboi Swamp (Kenya), Aquaculture, 297(1-4): 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.017 Soliman T., Aly W., Fahim R.M., Berumen M.L., Jenke-Kodama H., and Bernardi G., 2017, Comparative population genetic structure of redbelly tilapia (Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848)) from three different aquatic habitats in Egypt, Ecology and Evolution, 7(24): 11092-11099. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3586
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