International Journal of Aquaculture, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 11-20 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 16 Table 3 Histological changes in the liver tissue of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio, fed different levels of açaí Euterpe oleracea in the diet for 30 days. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation. Different letters (a, b, c) in the same line indicate significant difference between the diets using Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05) Alterations DC0.0% DA0.5% DA1.0% DA1.5% DA2.0% pvalue LCA 62.50±13.06a 50.00±10.66b 45.45±15.08c 56.82±11.68b 54.55±15.08b 0.035 LU 31.25±11.68 31.25±11.31 31.25±11.31 35.42±12.87 35.42±16.71 0.824 PAG 33.33±12.61 31.25±11.31 31.25±15.54 31.25±11.31 37.50±16.85 0.754 BA 39.58±17.19 47.92±12.87 50.0018.46 58.33±16.28 50.00±15.08 0.093 CLV 43.75±18.77 43.75±15.54 45.45±15.08 43.75±24.13 45.83±25.75 0.998 PC 56.25±18.77 70.83±9.73 62.50±13.06 60.42±12.87 50.00±30.15 0.052 SC 33.33±11.68b 46.88±8.84ab 43.75±15.54ab 35.42±12.87b 54.17±20.87a 0.003 PVC 8.33±7.54 2.08±7.22 0.00±0.00 4.17±9.73 7.50±12.08 0.515 DHN 56.25±16.17 52.08±7.22 52.08±19.82 58.33±12.31 56.25±11.31 0.485 SD 29.17±7.54 36.11±13.18 29.17±9.73 31.25±15.54 39.58±16.17 0.067 EI 25.00±0.00 29.17±9.73 18.75±11.31 18.18±11.68 22.92±12.87 0.067 MI 72.92±7.54a 64.58±12.87ab 54.17±20.87b 50.00±21.32b 64.58±16.17ab 0.011 HH 47.92±13.48 43.75±15.54 54.17±17.94 54.17±17.94 58.33±12.31 0.171 HNH 25.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 25.00±0.00 22.92±7.22 0.416 MA 66.67±12.61 65.91±12.61 56.82±16.17 52.08±19.82 55.56±20.83 0.147 CV 72.92±7.54a 64.58±12.87ab 47.92±22.51b 35.42±16.17c 70.83±9.73a <0.001 NE 64.58±12.87a 62.50 ± 13.06a 45.83±20.87b 43.75±24.13b 56.82±11.68ab 0.011 PN 41.67±19.66 43.75±15.54 37.50±16.85 33.33±19.03 52.08±19.82 0.098 KN 50.00±19.36 41.67±12.31 41.67±19.46 43.75±15.54 39.58±12.87 0.56 KCN 35.42±13.06 39.58±12.87 35.42±16.17 35.42±12.87 33.33±12.31 0.852 LHN 41.67±16.17 37.50±13.06 35.42±16.17 41.67±22.19 23.71±19.82 0.892 LPA 29.17±10.11 29.17±9.73 25.00±0.00 27.08±7.22 31.82±11.68 0.408 MCC 6.25±11.68 11.25±16.25 6.25±15.54 9.17±19.29 0.42±1.44 0.419 Note: LCA = Loss of cord-like appearance; LU = Loss of uniformity in cell and nucleus size; LAG = Loss of intact acini and visible eosinophilic zymogen granules; BA = Ballooning appearance; CLV = Congestion in large vessels; PC = Pancreatic congestion; SC = Sinusoidal congestion; PVC= Portal vein congestion; DHN = Displacement of hepatocyte nuclei; SD = Sinusoidal dilation; EI = Eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate; MI = Mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate; HH = Hepatocyte hypertrophy; HNH = Hepatocyte nuclear hypotrophy; MA = Macrosteatosis; CV = Cytoplasmic vacuolization; NE = Necrosis; PN = Pyknotic nucleus; KN = Karyolytic nucleus; KCN = Karyorrhectic nucleus; LHN = Loss of hepatocyte nuclei; LPA = Loss of nuclei in pancreatic acini; MCC = Melanomacrophage centers Additionally, in the control diet (DC0.0%) and the diet with the highest level of açaí inclusion (DA2.0%), a greater intensity (p < 0.05) of hepatic cytoplasmic vacuolization was observed, with concentrations of 72.92 ± 7.54% (Figure 3A) and 70.83 ± 9.73%, respectively, compared to diets DA1.0% (47.92 ± 22.51%) and DA1.5% (35.42 ± 16.17%), with the latter showing the lowest intensity of this alteration. Areas of necrotic tissue were more prevalent (p < 0.05) in the control group (64.58 ± 12.87%) (Figure 3B) and in the DA0.5% diet (62.50 ± 13.06%) compared to DA1.0% and DA1.5% (45.83 ± 20.87% and 43.75 ± 24.13%, respectively). The DA2.0% group (56.82 ± 11.68%) did not differ (p> 0.05) between the treatments and the control. 4 Discussion The highest concentrations of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant potential in diets with higher inclusion of açaí are understandable, considering that this Amazonian fruit, according to Laurindo et al. (2023), is rich in various bioactive compounds found not only in the pulp but also in the leaves, seeds, and skin. According to Pacheco-Palencia et al. (2008) and Laurindo et al. (2023), the bioactives found in freeze-dried pulps
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