International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 174-183 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 178 of carp has led to a shift from clear water states dominated by macrophytes to turbid water states dominated by phytoplankton (Gallardo et al., 2016). The ecological impacts of common carp in Europe are not limited to changes in water quality and plant communities. The introduction of carp has also been associated with the spread of invasive parasites, such as the tapeworm Atractolytocestus huronensis, which has been introduced to Europe along with its host. This parasite poses a threat to both feral and cultured fish populations, highlighting the broader ecological consequences of carp invasions (Costa et al., 2021). 5.3 Australia In Australia, common carp have become a major pest, particularly in the Murray-Darling Basin, where they now constitute up to 90% of fish biomass. The ecological impacts of carp in this region include increased water turbidity, reduced macrophyte density, and changes in macroinvertebrate and native fish assemblages. However, some expected impacts, such as increased turbidity and reduced macroinvertebrate density, were not observed in dryland rivers, suggesting that the general understanding of carp impact requires modification for these specific ecosystems (Figure 2) (Marshall et al., 2019). Efforts to control carp populations in Australia have included the proposed use of Cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) as a biological control agent. However, studies have shown that the virus has not yet been detected in the Murray-Darling Basin, and there is little evidence of virus transmission between invasive and native fish species. This highlights the need for careful consideration of ecological context and potential unintended consequences when implementing biocontrol measures (Costa et al., 2021). Figure 2 Network diagram displaying vertebrate-associated viruses identified in native and invasive freshwater fish (Adopted from Costa et al., 2021) Image caption: Colours of each node represent a virus family. Both goldfish and flat-headed gudgeon contained non-vertebrate-associated viruses (Adopted from Costa et al., 2021)
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