International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 174-183 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 177 less than 10% and species richness halved in lakes where carp biomass exceeds 190 kg/ha (Bajer et al., 2016). Additionally, the presence of carp has been associated with increased water turbidity and nutrient levels, which further degrade water quality and aquatic habitats. Figure 1 Schematic representation of the Bioeconomic Model. Economic utility or wellbeing is a nested function of space and species-specific decisions, which depend on the linked ecological models-the complex Atlantis model, or the simplified model (Adopted from Brockmann et al., 2021) The impact of common carp on native fish populations has also been documented. For instance, in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, carp have been shown to monopolize food resources, leading to a significant reduction in native fish biomass (Marshall et al., 2019). In North America, similar patterns have been observed, with carp outcompeting native species for resources and altering the structure of aquatic communities (Thresher et al., 2018). 5.2Europe In Europe, the introduction of common carp has similarly resulted in ecological disruptions. The carp's benthivorous feeding habits disturb sediment and uproot aquatic plants, leading to increased water turbidity and a decline in macrophyte abundance. This has been observed in various European water bodies, where the presence
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